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\begin{document}

\title{Early and late cyanobacterial bloomers in a shallow, eutrophic lake}



\author[1,1]{Kristin J. Painter}%
\author[2,2]{Jason J Venkiteswaran}%
\author[3,3]{Dana F. Simon}%
\author[3,3]{Sung Vo Duy}%
\author[3,3]{Sébastien Sauvé}%
\author[4,4]{Helen Margaret Baulch}%
\affil[1]{University of Saskatchewan}%
\affil[2]{University of Waterloo}%
\affil[3]{Université de Montréal}%
\affil[4]{University Of Saskatchewan, Global Insti}%


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  \date{June 14, 2024}


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\begin{abstract}
Cyanobacterial blooms present challenges for water treatment, especially
in regions like the Canadian prairies where poor water quality
intensifies water treatment issues. Buoyant cyanobacteria that resist
sedimentation present a challenge as water treatment operators attempt
to balance pre-treatment and toxic disinfection by-products. Here, we
used microscopy to identify and describe the succession of
cyanobacterial species in Buffalo Pound Lake, a key drinking water
supply. We used indicator species analysis to identify temporal grouping
structures throughout two sampling seasons from May to October 2018 and
2019. Our findings highlight two key cyanobacterial bloom phases -- a
mid-summer diazotrophic bloom of Dolichospermum spp. and an autumn
Planktothrix agardhii bloom. Dolichospermum crassa and Woronchinia
compacta served as indicators of the mid-summer and autumn bloom phases,
respectively. Different cyanobacterial metabolites were associated with
the distinct bloom phases in both years: toxic microcystins were
associated with the mid-summer Dolichospermum bloom and some newly
monitored cyanopeptides (anabaenopeptin A and B) with the autumn
Planktothrix bloom. Despite forming a significant proportion of the
autumn phytoplankton biomass (greater than 60\%), the Planktothrix bloom
had previously not been detected by sensor or laboratory-derived
chlorophyll-a. Our results demonstrate the power of targeted taxonomic
identification of key species as a tool for managers of bloom-prone
systems. Moreover, we describe an autumn Planktothrix agardhii bloom
that has the potential to disrupt water treatment due to its evasion of
detection. Our findings highlight the importance of identifying this
autumn bloom given the expectation that warmer temperatures and a longer
ice-free season will become the norm.%
\end{abstract}%



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