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\begin{document}

\title{A Comparison of Spectral Bin Microphysics versus Bulk Parameterization
in Forecasting Typhoon In-Fa (2021) before, during, and after Its
Landfall}



\author[1]{Wu Zuhang}%
\author[1]{Zhang Yun}%
\affil[1]{National University of Defense Technology}%


\vspace{-1em}



  
  \date{June 02, 2024}


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\begin{abstract}
Typhoon In-Fa hit continental China in July 2021 and caused an
unprecedented rainfall amount, making it a typical case to examine the
ability of numerical models in forecasting landfalling typhoons. The
record-breaking storm was simulated using a 3-km-resolution weather
research and forecast (WRF) model with spectral bin microphysics scheme
(BIN) and two-moment seven-class bulk parameterization scheme (BULK).
The simulations were then separated into three different typhoon
landfall periods (i.e., pre-landfall, landfall, and post-landfall). At
present, the ability of WRF and other mesoscale models to accurately
simulate the typhoon precipitation hydrometeors is still limited. To
evaluate the performances of BIN and BULK schemes of WRF model in
simulating the condensed water in Typhoon In-Fa, the observed microwave
brightness temperature and radar reflectivity from the core observatory
of Global Precipitation Mission (GPM) satellite are directly used for
validation with the help of a satellite simulator. It is suggested that
BIN scheme has better performance in estimating the spatial structure,
overall amplitude, and precise location of the condensed water in
typhoons before landfall. During typhoon landfall, the performance of
BIN scheme in simulating the structure and location of the condensate is
close to that of BULK scheme, but the condensate intensity prediction by
BIN scheme is still better; BULK scheme performs even better than BIN
scheme in the prediction of condensate structure and location after
typhoon landfall. Both schemes seem to have poorer performances in
simulating the spatial structure of precipitation hydrometeors during
typhoon landfall than before/after typhoon landfall. Moreover, BIN
scheme simulates more (less) realistic warm (cold) rain processes than
BULK scheme, especially after typhoon landfall. BULK scheme simulates
more cloud water and larger convective updraft than BIN scheme, and this
is also reported in many model studies comparing BIN and BULK schemes.
{}%
\end{abstract}%



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