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\begin{document}

\title{Dynamical coupling between the low-latitude lower thermosphere and
ionosphere via the non-migrating diurnal tide as revealed by concurrent
satellite observations and numerical modeling}



\author[1,1,1]{Federico Gasperini}%
\author[2,2,2]{Irfan Azeem}%
\author[3,3,3]{Geoff Crowley}%
\author[4,4,4]{Michael Perdue}%
\author[5,5,5]{Matthew Depew}%
\author[6,6,6]{Thomas J. Immel}%
\author[2,2,2]{Erik Stromberg}%
\author[7,7,7]{Chad Fish}%
\author[1,1,1]{Crystal Frazier}%
\author[8,8,8]{Adam Reynolds}%
\author[1,1,1]{Anthony Swenson}%
\author[1,1,1]{Ted Tash}%
\author[1,1,1]{Russell Gleason}%
\author[2,2,2]{Ryan Blay}%
\author[1,1,1]{Jordan Maxwell}%
\author[1,1,1]{Keith Underwood}%
\author[1,1,1]{Christian Frazier}%
\author[1,1,1]{Scott Jensen}%
\affil[1]{ASTRA LLC}%
\affil[2]{ASTRA LLC.}%
\affil[3]{Atmospheric and Space Technology Research Associates, 12703 Spectrum Drive, Suite 101,San Antonio, TX 78249, USA.}%
\affil[4]{Georgia Institute of Technology}%
\affil[5]{University of Texas at Dallas}%
\affil[6]{University of California, Berkeley}%
\affil[7]{Unknown}%
\affil[8]{ASTRA}%


\vspace{-1em}



  
  \date{May 21, 2024}


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\begin{abstract}
The diurnal-eastward propagating tide with zonal wavenumber 3 (DE3) has
gained significant attention due to its ability to preferentially
propagate to the ionosphere and thermosphere (IT) from the tropical
troposphere, thus effectively coupling these atmospheric regions. In
this work, we demonstrate the existence of a pronounced zonal wavenumber
4 (WN4) structure in the low-latitude ionosphere during May 27 - June 5,
2020 using concurrent in-situ total ion number density measurements from
the Scintillation Observations and Response of The Ionosphere to
Electrodynamics (SORTIE) and the Ionospheric Connection Explorer (ICON)
satellites. Temperature observations from the Thermosphere Ionosphere
Mesosphere Energetics Dynamics Sounding of the Atmosphere using
Broadband Emission Radiometry (TIMED/SABER) instrument near 105 km and
output from the Specified Dynamics Whole Atmosphere Community Climate
Model with thermosphere and ionosphere eXtension (SD/WACCM-X)
demonstrate that this global-scale ionospheric WN4 structure is due to
DE3 propagating through the lower thermosphere.%
\end{abstract}%



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