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\begin{document}

\title{Stable oxygen isotope composition is biased by shell calcification
intensity in planktonic Foraminifera}



\author[1]{Manuel F. G. Weinkauf}%
\author[2]{Jeroen Groeneveld}%
\author[3]{Joanna Waniek}%
\author[4]{Torsten Vennemann}%
\author[1]{Martini Rossana}%
\affil[1]{University of Geneva}%
\affil[2]{Helmholtz-Center for Polar and Marine Sciences}%
\affil[3]{Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research Warnemünde}%
\affil[4]{University of Lausanne}%


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  \date{June 17, 2024}


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\begin{abstract}
Planktonic Foraminifera are widely used for environmental
reconstructions through measurements of their shell's geochemical
characteristics, including its stable oxygen and carbon isotope
composition. Using these parameters as unbiased proxies requires a firm
knowledge of all potential confounding factors influencing foraminiferal
shell geochemistry. One such parameter is the shell calcification
intensity (shell weight normalized for shell size) that may influence
the shell \selectlanguage{greek}δ\selectlanguage{english}18O value either bioenergetically (by reducing energy
available and required for equilibrium isotope fractionation during
faster calcification) or kinetically (by influencing calcification depth
through the shell's density contrast with seawater). Specimens from the
Globigerinoides ruber/elongatus compound from a sediment trap in the
North Atlantic have been used to quantify the influence of shell
calcification intensity on shell \selectlanguage{greek}δ\selectlanguage{english}18O values. Shell calcification
intensity was found to have a significant effect on the shell stable
oxygen isotope composition in all species. Through model fitting, it is
suggested that the effect size may be in a range of 1 to 2%0 (depending
on species, depth migration, and local oceanographic conditions). We
show that the confounding effect of shell calcification intensity on
stable oxygen isotope composition can be of importance, depending on the
anticipated precision of the derived reconstructions. A framework is
provided to quantify this effect in future studies.%
\end{abstract}%



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