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\begin{document}

\title{Is there a semi-molten layer at the base of the lunar mantle?}



\author[1,1,1]{Michaela Walterová}%
\author[2,2,2]{Marie Behounkova}%
\author[3,3,3]{Michael Efroimsky}%
\affil[1]{DLR Institute of Planetary Research}%
\affil[2]{Charles University}%
\affil[3]{United States Naval Observatory}%


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  \date{June 15, 2024}


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\begin{abstract}
Parameterised by the Love number k2 and the tidal quality factor Q, and
inferred from lunar laser ranging (LLR), tidal dissipation in the Moon
follows an unexpected frequency dependence often interpreted as evidence
for a highly dissipative, melt-bearing layer encompassing the
core-mantle boundary. Within this, more or less standard interpretation,
the basal layer's viscosity is required to be of order 10\^{}15 to
10\^{}16 Pa.s and its outer radius is predicted to extend to the zone of
deep moonquakes. While the reconciliation of those predictions with the
mechanical properties of rocks might be challenging, alternative lunar
interior models without the basal layer are said to be unable to fit the
frequency dependence of tidal Q. The purpose of our paper is to
illustrate under what conditions the frequency-dependence of lunar tidal
Q can be interpreted without the need for deep-seated partial melt.
Devising a simplified lunar model, in which the mantle is described by
the Sundberg-Cooper rheology, we predict the relaxation strength and
characteristic timescale of elastically-accommodated grain boundary
sliding in the mantle that would give rise to the desired frequency
dependence. Along with developing this alternative model, we test the
traditional model with basal partial melt; and we show that the two
models cannot be distinguished from each other by the available
selenodetic measurements. Additional insight into the nature of lunar
tidal dissipation can be gained either by measurements of higher-degree
Love numbers and quality factors or by farside lunar seismology.%
\end{abstract}%



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