RESULTS
We
identified
133 publications and 837 observations reporting the effects of
urbanisation on pollinator abundance (228), richness (147), phenology
and functional traits (381), floral resources (58) and plant
reproductive success (116; Appendix S2). The geographical distribution
of the studies was clearly uneven
(Fig.
1). More than three-quarters of the studies were carried out in two
continents (Europe 39.8% and
North
America 36.8%), and the remaining studies were carried out in Asia
(12%), South America (6%), Oceania (3%) and Africa (2.4%).
Furthermore, 85.7% of the studies were conducted in non-tropical
regions and only 14.3% were conducted in tropical
regions.
Most studies focused on bees and butterflies and a small number of
studies involved moths, beetles, flies, and vertebrate pollinators such
as mammals, bats, and hummingbirds (Appendix S2).