RESULTS
We identified 133 publications and 837 observations reporting the effects of urbanisation on pollinator abundance (228), richness (147), phenology and functional traits (381), floral resources (58) and plant reproductive success (116; Appendix S2). The geographical distribution of the studies was clearly uneven (Fig. 1). More than three-quarters of the studies were carried out in two continents (Europe 39.8% and North America 36.8%), and the remaining studies were carried out in Asia (12%), South America (6%), Oceania (3%) and Africa (2.4%). Furthermore, 85.7% of the studies were conducted in non-tropical regions and only 14.3% were conducted in tropical regions. Most studies focused on bees and butterflies and a small number of studies involved moths, beetles, flies, and vertebrate pollinators such as mammals, bats, and hummingbirds (Appendix S2).