Functional traits
Regarding functional traits, urbanisation had a negative, although not statistically significant effect on body size (d = -0.16; 95% CI = [ -1.46, 1.13]; p = 0.81, Fig. S4) and a positive, although not statistically significant effect on activity length (d = 1.34; 95% CI = [ -0.6, 3.28]; p = 0.18, Fig. S5). Nonetheless, urbanisation had a strong negative effect on the abundance and richness of spring pollinator communities (Figs 4a & 4b). Furthermore, urbanisation had a negative effect on the abundance of solitary bees and on the abundance and richness of below ground nesting bees (Figs 4a & 4b).