\documentclass[10pt]{article}

\usepackage{fullpage}
\usepackage{setspace}
\usepackage{parskip}
\usepackage{titlesec}
\usepackage[section]{placeins}
\usepackage{xcolor}
\usepackage{breakcites}
\usepackage{lineno}
\usepackage{hyphenat}





\PassOptionsToPackage{hyphens}{url}
\usepackage[colorlinks = true,
            linkcolor = blue,
            urlcolor  = blue,
            citecolor = blue,
            anchorcolor = blue]{hyperref}
\usepackage{etoolbox}
\makeatletter
\patchcmd\@combinedblfloats{\box\@outputbox}{\unvbox\@outputbox}{}{%
  \errmessage{\noexpand\@combinedblfloats could not be patched}%
}%
\makeatother


\usepackage{natbib}




\renewenvironment{abstract}
  {{\bfseries\noindent{\abstractname}\par\nobreak}\footnotesize}
  {\bigskip}

\titlespacing{\section}{0pt}{*3}{*1}
\titlespacing{\subsection}{0pt}{*2}{*0.5}
\titlespacing{\subsubsection}{0pt}{*1.5}{0pt}


\usepackage{authblk}


\usepackage{graphicx}
\usepackage[space]{grffile}
\usepackage{latexsym}
\usepackage{textcomp}
\usepackage{longtable}
\usepackage{tabulary}
\usepackage{booktabs,array,multirow}
\usepackage{amsfonts,amsmath,amssymb}
\providecommand\citet{\cite}
\providecommand\citep{\cite}
\providecommand\citealt{\cite}
% You can conditionalize code for latexml or normal latex using this.
\newif\iflatexml\latexmlfalse
\providecommand{\tightlist}{\setlength{\itemsep}{0pt}\setlength{\parskip}{0pt}}%

\AtBeginDocument{\DeclareGraphicsExtensions{.pdf,.PDF,.eps,.EPS,.png,.PNG,.tif,.TIF,.jpg,.JPG,.jpeg,.JPEG}}

\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc}
\usepackage[english]{babel}



\usepackage{float}








\begin{document}

\title{Scale-Separated Dynamic Mode Decomposition and Ionospheric Forecasting}



\author[1]{Daniel Jay Alford-Lago}%
\author[2]{Christopher W Curtis}%
\author[3]{Alexander Ihler}%
\author[4]{Katherine Anne Zawdie}%
\affil[1]{Naval Information Warfare Center Pacific}%
\affil[2]{San Diego State University}%
\affil[3]{UC Irvine}%
\affil[4]{Naval Research Laboratory}%


\vspace{-1em}



  
  \date{May 21, 2024}


\begingroup
\let\center\flushleft
\let\endcenter\endflushleft
\maketitle
\endgroup





\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{abstract}
We present a method for forecasting the foF2 and hmF2 parameters using
modal decompositions from measured ionospheric electron density
profiles. Our method is based on Dynamic Mode Decomposition (DMD), which
provides a means of determining spatiotemporal modes from measurements
alone. Our proposed extensions to DMD use wavelet decompositions that
provide separation of a wide range of high-intensity, transient temporal
scales in the measured data. This scale separation allows for DMD models
to be fit on each scale individually, and we show that together they
generate a more accurate forecast of the time-evolution of the F-layer
peak. We call this method the Scale-Separated Dynamic Mode Decomposition
(SSDMD). The approach is shown to produce stable modes that can be used
as a time-stepping model to predict the state of foF2 and hmF2 at a high
time resolution. We demonstrate the SSDMD method on data sets covering
periods of high and low solar activity as well as low, mid, and high
latitude locations.%
\end{abstract}%



\sloppy


\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{figure}[H]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.70\columnwidth]{figures/950022-0-figure-10446500-rlgzl9/950022-0-figure-10446500-rlgzl9}

\end{center}
\end{figure}\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{figure}[H]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.70\columnwidth]{figures/950022-0-figure-10446501-rlgzlp/950022-0-figure-10446501-rlgzlp}

\end{center}
\end{figure}\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{figure}[H]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.70\columnwidth]{figures/950022-0-figure-10446502-rlgzl7/950022-0-figure-10446502-rlgzl7}

\end{center}
\end{figure}\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{figure}[H]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.70\columnwidth]{figures/950022-0-figure-10446504-rlgzl7/950022-0-figure-10446504-rlgzl7}

\end{center}
\end{figure}\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{figure}[H]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.70\columnwidth]{figures/950022-0-figure-10446505-rlgzl5/950022-0-figure-10446505-rlgzl5}

\end{center}
\end{figure}\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{figure}[H]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.70\columnwidth]{figures/950022-0-figure-10446507-rlgzlt/950022-0-figure-10446507-rlgzlt}

\end{center}
\end{figure}\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{figure}[H]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.70\columnwidth]{figures/950022-0-figure-10446508-rlgzlf/950022-0-figure-10446508-rlgzlf}

\end{center}
\end{figure}\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{figure}[H]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.70\columnwidth]{figures/950022-0-figure-10446509-rlgzlj/950022-0-figure-10446509-rlgzlj}

\end{center}
\end{figure}\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{figure}[H]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.70\columnwidth]{figures/950022-0-figure-10446510-rlgzlt/950022-0-figure-10446510-rlgzlt}

\end{center}
\end{figure}\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{figure}[H]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.70\columnwidth]{figures/950022-0-figure-10446511-rlgzlh/950022-0-figure-10446511-rlgzlh}

\end{center}
\end{figure}\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{figure}[H]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.70\columnwidth]{figures/950022-0-figure-10446512-rlgzlg/950022-0-figure-10446512-rlgzlg}

\end{center}
\end{figure}\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{figure}[H]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.70\columnwidth]{figures/950022-0-figure-10446513-rlgzlc/950022-0-figure-10446513-rlgzlc}

\end{center}
\end{figure}\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{figure}[H]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.70\columnwidth]{figures/950022-0-figure-10446514-rlgzlq/950022-0-figure-10446514-rlgzlq}

\end{center}
\end{figure}\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{figure}[H]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.70\columnwidth]{figures/950022-0-figure-10446515-rlgzl3/950022-0-figure-10446515-rlgzl3}

\end{center}
\end{figure}\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{figure}[H]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.70\columnwidth]{figures/950022-0-figure-10446516-rlgzl3/950022-0-figure-10446516-rlgzl3}

\end{center}
\end{figure}\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{figure}[H]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.70\columnwidth]{figures/950022-0-figure-10446517-rlgzl6/950022-0-figure-10446517-rlgzl6}

\end{center}
\end{figure}\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{figure}[H]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.70\columnwidth]{figures/950022-0-figure-10446518-rlgzlf/950022-0-figure-10446518-rlgzlf}

\end{center}
\end{figure}\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{figure}[H]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.70\columnwidth]{figures/950022-0-figure-10446519-rlgzl3/950022-0-figure-10446519-rlgzl3}

\end{center}
\end{figure}\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{figure}[H]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.70\columnwidth]{figures/950022-0-figure-10446520-rlgzl9/950022-0-figure-10446520-rlgzl9}

\end{center}
\end{figure}

\selectlanguage{english}
\FloatBarrier
\end{document}

