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    Cancer immunotherapy represents a transformative strategy in modern
oncology, utilizing the body’s immune system to recognize and eliminate
malignant cells with precision. Unlike traditional therapies, which
often directly target the tumor, immunotherapy enhances the immune
system’s inherent ability to differentiate between healthy and cancerous
cells, leading to more targeted and potentially longer-lasting
therapeutic effects. The advent of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs),
particularly those targeting the PD-1/PD-L1 and CTLA-4 pathways, has
marked a significant breakthrough in this field, yielding substantial
clinical success in various cancer types. However, the therapeutic
landscape is still challenged by issues such as the development of
resistance mechanisms, heterogeneity in patient responses, and the
limited efficacy of current ICIs across all tumor types. Given these
challenges, there is a critical need to identify and validate new immune
targets that can synergize with existing therapies or function
independently to overcome resistance and improve patient outcomes. This
review provides a comprehensive overview of the latest research efforts
focused on uncovering novel immune targets. By expanding the repertoire
of immune targets, these discoveries aim to enhance the effectiveness of
cancer immunotherapy, offering hope for more personalized and resilient
treatment options. The integration of these novel targets into clinical
practice could not only extend the benefits of immunotherapy to a
broader spectrum of cancers but also mitigate some of the current
limitations, paving the way for more durable and effective therapeutic
strategies in the fight against cancer.