Figure 5. Relative growth rates of non-native species and native congeners (A). Relationship between the difference in the relative growth rate between non-native species and its corresponding native congener and the difference in the induced defense between non-native species and its corresponding native congener (B). Induced defense was assessed by difference in Spodoptera littoralislarval weight gain on the leaves between healthy and damaged plants [-1 × (larval weight gain on the leaves of damaged plant – average of larval weight gain on the leaves of healthy plant)]. Each point represents a non-native species and its native congener. Lines indicate significant linear relationships. *** indicatesp <0.001.