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\begin{document}

\title{Ancient bears provide insights into Pleistocene ice age refugia in
Southeast Alaska}



\author[1]{Flavio Augusto Da Silva Coelho }%
\author[1]{Stephanie Gill}%
\author[1]{Crystal Tomlin}%
\author[1]{Marilena Papavassiliou}%
\author[2]{Sean Farley}%
\author[3]{Joseph Cook}%
\author[2]{Sarah Sonsthagen}%
\author[4]{George Sage}%
\author[2]{Timothy Heaton}%
\author[4]{Sandra Talbot}%
\author[1]{Charlotte Lindqvist}%
\affil[1]{University at Buffalo}%
\affil[2]{Affiliation not available}%
\affil[3]{University of New Mexico}%
\affil[4]{US Geological Survey Alaska Region}%


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  \date{March 14, 2025}


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\begin{abstract}
During the Late Pleistocene, major parts of North America were
periodically covered by ice sheets. However, there are still open
questions about whether ice-free refugia were present in the Alexander
Archipelago along the Southeast (SE) Alaska coast during the Last
Glacial Maximum (LGM). Numerous subfossils have been recovered from
caves in SE Alaska, including American black (Ursus americanus) and
brown (U. arctos) bears, which today are found in the Alexander
Archipelago but are genetically distinct from mainland bear populations.
Hence, these bear species offer an ideal system to investigate long-term
occupation, potential refugial survival, and lineage turnover. Here we
present genetic analyses based on 99 new complete mitochondrial genomes
from ancient and modern brown and black bears spanning the last
\textasciitilde{}45,000 years. Black bears form two SE Alaskan subclades
that diverged \textgreater{}100,00 years ago, one preglacial and one
postglacial. All postglacial ancient brown bears are closely related to
modern bears in the archipelago, while a single preglacial brown bear is
found in a distantly related clade. A hiatus in the bear subfossil
record around the LGM and the deep split of their pre- and post-glacial
subclades fail to support a hypothesis of continuous occupancy in SE
Alaska throughout the LGM for either species. Our results are consistent
with an absence of refugia along the SE Alaska coast, but indicate that
vegetation quickly expanded after deglaciation, allowing bears to
recolonize the area after a short-lived LGM peak.%
\end{abstract}%



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\verb`SEAKbears_MS_Subm.docx`  available at \url{https://authorea.com/users/574672/articles/618314-ancient-bears-provide-insights-into-pleistocene-ice-age-refugia-in-southeast-alaska}

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