Maps and measurements
For the start and end of every transect in the Rallarvägen 2021 dataset, we obtained the geographical coordinates with a handheld GPS system. Geographical coordinates for train stations were obtained through Google Maps (maps.google.com). Since species monitoring began at the starting point of each transect – and thus most species occurrences were documented here – we used this location to measure the perpendicular distance to the railroad and the E10 (in meters) using the measuring line and the Basemap ESRI 102113 – WGS 1984 from the QuickMapServices plugin in the QGIS software 3.22.0 (QGIS Development Team, 2021). The elevational gradient in the map of the study region (Fig. 1) was produced using Copernicus data and information funded by the European Union – EU-DEM layers (WGS 4258) (© European Union, Copernicus Land Monitoring Service 2022, European Environment Agency (EEA)). The EU-DEM is a 3D raster dataset with elevations captured approximately every 30 m. Other aspects of the map (i.e., lakes and waterways, subregions, roads, and railroad) were produced using the Sweden shapefile Map Layers that were obtained from the global community-owned project OpenStreetMap and downloaded from the MapCruzin website (Meuser, 2019).