Figure 3. Ecological Indicator Values (EIV-T) of all (left) or only non-native (right) ruderal species observed over time (top) and as a function of first year of observation (bottom). In a and c, numbers are shown as a function of the observational year and subregion, as in this case subregion was significant in the model. Data are averages over all present total number of ruderals (n = 239) and non-native ruderals (n = 100) per subregion in the historical dataset. Error bars denote ± s.d. Model coefficients and p-values are shown in supplementary Tables 3-6.