GC/Environmental Stressor Adjusted effect size Adjusted CIs Unadjusted effect size Unadjusted CIs
GC main model
Climate change
-0.13
[-0.37,0.12]
-0.29
[-0.54,-0.04]
Land-use intensification -0.41 [-0.60,-0.21] -0.58 [-0.77,-0.39]
Pollution -0.50 [-0.72,-0.29] -0.71 [-0.92,-0.49]
Nutrient enrichment 0.31 [0.10,0.51] 0.12 [-0.08,0.33]
Invasive species -0.11 [-0.48,0.26] -0.23 [-0.61,0.16]
Habitat fragmentation 0.18 [-0.21,0.57] 0.05 [-0.35,0.46]
Climate change
Flooding
0.30
[-0.07,0.66]
0.11
[-0.25,0.48]
Drought -0.32 [-0.56,-0.08] -0.52 [-0.76,-0.28]
Temperature change -0.02 [-0.23,0.20] -0.20 [-0.41,0.01]
Gas change 0.06 [-0.17,0.29] -0.11 [-0.34,0.12]
Land-use intensification
Grazing
0.02
[-0.32,0.35]
-0.40
[-0.74,-0.05]
Fire -0.11 [-0.51,0.29] -0.59 [-1.01,-0.18]
Harvesting -0.02 [-0.38,0.34] -0.49 [-0.86,-0.12]
Organic vs. Inorganic -0.68 [-1.03,-0.33] -1.13 [-1.48,-0.78]
Tillage -0.40 [-0.67,-0.14] -0.91 [-1.17,-0.64]
Pollution Pesticides Metals -0.37 -0.91 [-0.73,-0.002] [-1.23,-0.59] -0.41 -1.03 [-0.78,-0.04] [-1.35,-0.70]
Nutrient enrichment
Synthetic fertilizers
-0.18
[-0.43,0.06]
0.05
[-0.17,0.27]
Ca-liming + wood ash -0.28 [-0.70,0.15] -0.06 [-0.47,0.35]
Compost 0.01 [-0.43,0.44] 0.29 [-0.13,0.70]
Sludge (including biosolids) -0.08 [-0.53,0.38] 0.13 [-0.31,0.58]
Manure + slurry 0.48 [0.16,0.80] 0.76 [0.47,1.05]
Residue + mulch 0.43 [0.11,0.75] 0.67 [0.37,0.97]
Other organic fertilisers 0.34 [-0.05,0.73] 0.57 [0.20,0.95]
Multiple fertilizer types 0.21 [-0.39,0.81] 0.47 [-0.12,1.05]
Invasive species (all stressors mean) 0.52 [0.05, 0.98] -0.15 [-0.55, 0.25]