Global change variables
Each case was assigned to one of six main GCs (land-use intensification, habitat fragmentation, climate change, invasive species, pollution, and nutrient enrichment). We considered nutrients and pollution separately, given that we had different hypotheses for their effects, and following . Here, pollution refers to a change in concentration of substances such as metals, pesticides, and other chemicals, although we acknowledge that pollution due to excess nutrients occurs as well.
In addition, depending on the main GC, each case was also categorised with one environmental stressor (Table 1). The stressor depended on the main GC, and the full list of stressors for all GCs, including those not used in the modelling, is provided in Supplementary Table 1. Each environmental stressor was then categorized as either a ‘pulse’ or ‘press’ stressor (Table 1). This was based on the ecological understanding of the stressor in relation to the majority of the data in the stressor (e.g., most temperature change was longer term, so was assigned as a press stressor, as opposed to shorter term ‘heat wave’ events which would have resulted in being assigned as a pulse stressor).