References
1. Hui-Beckman J, Kim BE, Leung DY. Origin of Allergy From In Utero
Exposures to the Postnatal Environment. Allergy Asthma Immunol Res.
2022;14(1):8-20.
2. El-Heis S, Crozier SR, Robinson SM, Harvey NC, Cooper C, Inskip HM,
et al. Higher maternal serum concentrations of nicotinamide and related
metabolites in late pregnancy are associated with a lower risk of
offspring atopic eczema at age 12 months. Clin Exp Allergy.
2016;46(10):1337-43.
3. Lin TL, Wu CY, Fan YH, Chang YL, Ho HJ, Chen YJ. Association between
early life laxative exposure and risk of allergic diseases A nationwide
matched cohort study. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2022;128(3):291-8.e3.
4. Williams HC, Burney PG, Pembroke AC, Hay RJ. The U.K. Working Party’s
Diagnostic Criteria for Atopic Dermatitis. III. Independent hospital
validation. Br J Dermatol. 1994;131(3):406-16.
5. Greenland S, Pearl J, Robins JM. Causal diagrams for epidemiologic
research. Epidemiology. 1999;10(1):37-48.
6. Wohl DL, Curry WJ, Mauger D, Miller J, Tyrie K. Intrapartum
antibiotics and childhood atopic dermatitis. J Am Board Fam Med.
2015;28(1):82-9.
7. Baron R, Taye M, der Vaart IB, Ujčič-Voortman J, Szajewska H, Seidell
JC, et al. The relationship of prenatal antibiotic exposure and infant
antibiotic administration with childhood allergies: a systematic review.
BMC Pediatr. 2020;20(1):312.
8. van der Velden VH, Laan MP, Baert MR, de Waal Malefyt R, Neijens HJ,
Savelkoul HF. Selective development of a strong Th2 cytokine profile in
high-risk children who develop atopy: risk factors and regulatory role
of IFN-gamma, IL-4 and IL-10. Clin Exp Allergy. 2001;31(7):997-1006.
9. Russell SL, Gold MJ, Hartmann M, Willing BP, Thorson L, Wlodarska M,
et al. Early life antibiotic-driven changes in microbiota enhance
susceptibility to allergic asthma. EMBO Rep. 2012;13(5):440-7.
Figure 1. Directed Acyclic Graph (DAG) demonstrating the relationship
between laxative and antibiotic exposure (exposure), infant atopic
eczema (outcome) and variables. Confounders identified are: maternal
BMI, parity, breastfeeding duration and infant sex.