Study site
Esthwaite Water (54° 21.56′ N, 2° 59.15′ W) is located within the Lake
District National Park, Cumbria, UK, and has a catchment area of 17
km2, surface area of 0.96 km2, and
mean and maximum depths of 6.9 m and 16 m, respectively (Maberlyet al ., 2011; Mackay et al ., 2012). Human activities in
Esthwaite Water and its catchment, including construction of a
wastewater treatment works in 1973 and fish farming between 1983 and
2009, led to this lake becoming one of the most eutrophic lakes in the
Lake District (Dong et al ., 2011; Maberly et al ., 2011).