Participants
A total of 95 undergraduate students at the Erasmus university Rotterdam were recruited in exchange for course credit. Based on previous literature (Kastner et al., 2015; Stegmann et al., 2020; Talmi et al., 2019), the smallest effect size we expected was for ssVEPs for the comparison between CS+ and CS-. We used G*power 3.1.9.7 to calculate the interaction between the two CSs and the three groups, with a small to moderate effect size f = .20, alpha set at .05 and power at 85. The power analysis indicated a total sample of 72 participants would be sufficient, however we collected 95 to account for exclusions due to technical problems. Seven participants were excluded (two from the High Uncertainty and five from the Low Uncertainty group) due to technical problems, resulting in a final sample of 88 (17 male, 1 non-binary) with a mean age of 20.54 years (SD = 3.45). All participants had normal or corrected-to-normal vision and no family history of photic epilepsy. Participants were randomly assigned to one of the three groups. The groups did not differ in age, sex ratio, depression, state anxiety, or intolerance of uncertainty levels (see Table 1). However, the LU group had higher levels of trait anxiety and social anxiety than the MU group. The experimental procedure of the current study was approved by the Ethical Committee of the Erasmus University Rotterdam in accordance with the declaration of Helsinki. The study has been registered in Open Science Framework (https://osf.io/tdqj3/?view_only=fb8ca7beabb444d38aadd8a999249a44).