Conclusion
Uncontrolled bleeding of the bladder mucosa may warrant prompt intervention in selected equine cases. In our experience, the topical application of CSP in such cases is supported by its effectiveness at rapidly reducing bleeding and promoting mucosal healing, easiness of application, low cost, and safety profile. This is the first report of trans-endoscopic treatment for bleeding control in equine patients presenting with bladder haemorrhage. Further studies will have to be performed to determine the safety profile of CSP in the equine species, as well as its potential application as an adjunctive therapy in cases of hollow organ bleeding.