\documentclass[10pt]{article}

\usepackage{fullpage}
\usepackage{setspace}
\usepackage{parskip}
\usepackage{titlesec}
\usepackage[section]{placeins}
\usepackage{xcolor}
\usepackage{breakcites}
\usepackage{lineno}
\usepackage{hyphenat}





\PassOptionsToPackage{hyphens}{url}
\usepackage[colorlinks = true,
            linkcolor = blue,
            urlcolor  = blue,
            citecolor = blue,
            anchorcolor = blue]{hyperref}
\usepackage{etoolbox}
\makeatletter
\patchcmd\@combinedblfloats{\box\@outputbox}{\unvbox\@outputbox}{}{%
  \errmessage{\noexpand\@combinedblfloats could not be patched}%
}%
\makeatother


\usepackage{natbib}




\renewenvironment{abstract}
  {{\bfseries\noindent{\abstractname}\par\nobreak}\footnotesize}
  {\bigskip}

\titlespacing{\section}{0pt}{*3}{*1}
\titlespacing{\subsection}{0pt}{*2}{*0.5}
\titlespacing{\subsubsection}{0pt}{*1.5}{0pt}


\usepackage{authblk}


\usepackage{graphicx}
\usepackage[space]{grffile}
\usepackage{latexsym}
\usepackage{textcomp}
\usepackage{longtable}
\usepackage{tabulary}
\usepackage{booktabs,array,multirow}
\usepackage{amsfonts,amsmath,amssymb}
\providecommand\citet{\cite}
\providecommand\citep{\cite}
\providecommand\citealt{\cite}
% You can conditionalize code for latexml or normal latex using this.
\newif\iflatexml\latexmlfalse
\providecommand{\tightlist}{\setlength{\itemsep}{0pt}\setlength{\parskip}{0pt}}%

\AtBeginDocument{\DeclareGraphicsExtensions{.pdf,.PDF,.eps,.EPS,.png,.PNG,.tif,.TIF,.jpg,.JPG,.jpeg,.JPEG}}

\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc}
\usepackage[T2A]{fontenc}
\usepackage[polish,ngerman,english]{babel}



\usepackage{float}








\begin{document}

\title{Global distribution and climatic preferences of C\textsubscript{4}
eudicots and how they differ from those of C\textsubscript{4} grasses}



\author[1]{Jessica Berasategui}%
\author[1]{Anže Žerdoner Čalasan}%
\author[2]{Alexander Zizka}%
\author[1]{Gudrun Kadereit}%
\affil[1]{Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München}%
\affil[2]{Philipps-Universität Marburg}%


\vspace{-1em}



  
  \date{March 13, 2025}


\begingroup
\let\center\flushleft
\let\endcenter\endflushleft
\maketitle
\endgroup





\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{abstract}
C\textsubscript{4} is one of three known photosynthetic processes of
carbon fixation in flowering plants. It evolved independently more than
61 times in multiple angiosperm lineages and consists of a series of
anatomical and biochemical modifications to the ancestral
C\textsubscript{3} pathway increasing plant productivity under warm and
light-rich conditions. The C\textsubscript{4} lineages of eudicots
belong to seven orders and 15 families, are phylogenetically less
clustered than those of monocots, and entail an enormous structural and
ecological diversity. Eudicot C\textsubscript{4} lineages likely evolved
the C\textsubscript{4} syndrome along different evolutionary paths.
Therefore, a better understanding of this diversity is key to
understanding the evolution of this complex trait as a whole. Compiling
1,207 recognized C\textsubscript{4} eudicots species described in the
literature and presenting trait data among these species, we identify
global centres of species richness and of high phylogenetic diversity.
Furthermore, we discuss climatic preferences in the context of plant
functional traits. We identify two hotspots of C\textsubscript{4}
eudicot diversity: arid regions of Mexico/Southern United States and
Australia, where several C\textsubscript{4} eudicot lineages diversified
independently. Further eudicot C\textsubscript{4} hotspots with many
different families and genera represented are in South Africa, West
Africa, Patagonia, Central Asia and the Mediterranean. In general,
C\textsubscript{4} eudicots were abundant in deserts and xeric
shrublands, tropical and subtropical grasslands, savannas and
shrublands. We found C\textsubscript{4} eudicots to occur in areas with
less annual precipitation than C\textsubscript{4} grasses which can be
explained by frequently associated adaptations to drought stress such as
among others succulence and salt tolerance. We conclude that in most
eudicot lineages C\textsubscript{4} evolved in ancestrally drought
adapted clades and enabled these to further spread in these habitats and
colonise even drier areas.%
\end{abstract}%



\sloppy


\textbf{Hosted file}

\verb`Manuscript_Berasategui et al. 2023.docx`  available at \url{https://authorea.com/users/613647/articles/640902-global-distribution-and-climatic-preferences-of-c4-eudicots-and-how-they-differ-from-those-of-c4-grasses}\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{figure}[H]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.70\columnwidth]{figures/Figure-1/Figure-1}

\end{center}
\end{figure}\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{figure}[H]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.70\columnwidth]{figures/Figure-2/Figure-2}

\end{center}
\end{figure}\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{figure}[H]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.70\columnwidth]{figures/Figure-3/Figure-3}

\end{center}
\end{figure}\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{figure}[H]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.70\columnwidth]{figures/Figure-4/Figure-4}

\end{center}
\end{figure}\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{figure}[H]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.70\columnwidth]{figures/Figure-5/Figure-5}

\end{center}
\end{figure}\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{figure}[H]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.70\columnwidth]{figures/Figure-6/Figure-6}

\end{center}
\end{figure}

\textbf{Hosted file}

\verb`Table 1.docx`  available at \url{https://authorea.com/users/613647/articles/640902-global-distribution-and-climatic-preferences-of-c4-eudicots-and-how-they-differ-from-those-of-c4-grasses}

\textbf{Hosted file}

\verb`Table 2.docx`  available at \url{https://authorea.com/users/613647/articles/640902-global-distribution-and-climatic-preferences-of-c4-eudicots-and-how-they-differ-from-those-of-c4-grasses}

\selectlanguage{english}
\FloatBarrier
\end{document}

