Data analysis
The percentage mortality for the bioassays and percentage genotypic and allelic frequencies for the dead and alive groups were computed in Excel 2016 spreadsheet (Microsoft). In addition, the odds ratio statistical test was calculated on the medcalc website (https://www.medcalc.org/calc/odds_ratio.php) to determine the strength of association between genotypes and the ability to survive insecticide exposure. Fisher exact test was used to assess the significance level for the differences observed in the bioassay results, and results were considered significant at P value less than 0.05.