2.2.2 GWAS of COVID-19
We got the data on COVID-19 from the COVID-19 host genetics initiative GWAS (Release 5)[31]. All of the participants in the data that we chose were from the European population. We evaluated the causal connection between 3 different types of COVID-9 and sarcopenia, including COVID-19 infection (total participants = 1, 683, 768), COVID-19 hospitalization (total participants = 1, 887, 658) and severe COVID-19 (total participants = 1, 388, 342) (SupplementTable S1 ).