3.1.3 IVs of COVID-19
Following the clumping procedure, 7 SNPs, 5 SNPs and 8 SNPs were shown to be highly related (P < 5×10-8) with COVID-19 infection, COVID-19 hospitalization, and severe COVID-19 respectively, and no LD was screened out. As palindromic SNPs identified, rs757405, rs12482060 of COVID-19 infection, rs35081325 of COVID-19 hospitalization and rs35081325 of severe COVID-19 were removed. Ultimately 5 IVs of COVID-19 infection, 2 IVs of COVID-19 hospitalization and 4 IVs of severe COVID-19 were included in the MR analysis (Supplementary Table S7-S9 ).