FIGURE CAPTIONS
Figure 1. Honeybees had fewer visits to flowers compared to bumblebees and other pollinators, and honeybees and other pollinators spent more time on petals than bumblebees. Total duration per visit and duration on pollen + nectar per visit did not differ among pollinator species. (a) Number of visits observed per 30 min by pollinator species, (b) total duration per visit (seconds/visit) by pollinator species, (c) duration on petals per visit (seconds/visit), (d) duration on pollen + nectar per visit (seconds/visit). Y-axes are on a log scale, where zero values are on the x-axis. Colored points are the raw data per flower observed, and the black points are the model-predicted marginal means with 95% confidence intervals. Significant differences are indicated by the number of stars for each pair (Appendix S1: Table S6).
Figure 2. (a) The average number of honeybee visits to flowers was correlated with greater V. ceranae prevalence in bumblebees (p = 0.005), but not in honeybees (p = 0.58). (b) The average total duration of time honeybees spent on flowers per visit did not correlate with V. ceranae prevalence in honeybees (p = 0.40) or bumblebees (p = 0.014). (c) The average duration of time honeybees spent per visit interacting with pollen and nectar simultaneously correlated with greater V. ceranae prevalence in bumblebees (p = 0.009), but notV. ceranae prevalence in honeybees (p = 0.12). The number and duration of visits by honeybees were converted to their original scales for figure clarity. Significant slopes are indicated by solid lines, while insignificant slopes are indicated by dotted lines. Honeybee visits (per 30 min) were evaluated based on a 0.05 alpha threshold, while the visit duration (seconds/visit) were evaluated according to the Bonferroni-corrected alpha threshold of 0.0125.
Figure 3. Neither the number of bumblebee and other pollinator visits per 30 min nor the duration per visit to pollen + nectar impactedV. ceranae prevalence in honeybees or bumblebees. There was no change in V. ceranae prevalence in honeybees or bumblebees based on (a) average number of bumblebee visits (per 30 min), (b) average number of other pollinator visits (per 30 min), (c) average duration on pollen + nectar per bumblebee visit (second/visit), and (d) average duration on pollen + nectar per other pollinator visit (second/visit). Significant slopes are indicated by solid lines, while insignificant slopes are indicated by dotted lines.