Conclusions
We found that V. ceranae prevalence in bumblebees was strongly associated with the floral visitation behaviors of honeybees. More honeybee visits and time spent interacting with both the pollen and nectar contributed to higher V. ceranae prevalence in bumblebees, despite honeybees visiting flowers less than bumblebees. These results suggest that even a few visits by honeybees to shared crop flowers may be having a disproportionately large effect on V. ceranaespillover from managed honeybee populations to wild bumblebee populations in the agricultural landscapes. Our study provides a first look at how specific pollinator visitation behaviors on flowers impact the likelihood of parasite spillover among native pollinators in nature. Understanding how the risk of V. ceranae infection for different bee species changes with regard to their shared floral landscape with honeybees is critical for reducing parasite spillover into declining native bee populations. This knowledge may be particularly important in agricultural settings where managed honeybees and wild pollinators from the surrounding environment may frequently interact on crop flowers and nearby hedgerows, creating potential hotspots for parasite transmission on flowers.