Case Discussion
Sjogren’s syndrome is an autoimmune disease that primarily affects women (female to male ratio 9:1.3) with a prevalence ranging from 0.1% to 4.8%. It is characterized by inflammation of exocrine glands such as the salivary and lacrimal glands. Diagnosis of Sjogren’s syndrome can be complex due to similarities with other conditions like rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), and cryoglobulinemia. Biomarkers such as rheumatoid factor and autoantibodies (e.g., Ro/SSA) play a crucial role in distinguishing Sjogren’s from other conditions like SLE. The disease also has systemic manifestations, including liver involvement due to autoimmune liver disease and elevated LDH (Lactate Dehydrogenase) levels. Additionally, hematological abnormalities, such as anemia (34.1%), leukopenia (14-42%), and thrombocytopenia (5-15%), are common. These abnormalities are often overlooked but can precede typical symptoms, leading to delayed diagnosis. The mechanisms involved in Sjogren’s syndrome include cytokine-mediated inflammation and an immune response involving innate and adaptive immunity, leading to autoimmunity. Elevated LDH levels are also noted, underscoring the systemic nature of the disease. Hematological abnormalities, including anemia (34.1%), leukopenia (14-42%), and thrombocytopenia (5-15%), are common but often overlooked as clinically insignificant laboratory findings. However, they can precede typical symptoms, delaying diagnosis. Mechanisms involve cytokine-mediated inflammation and autoimmune mechanisms targeting red blood cells and platelets.