REFERENCES
1. Lucas, J.W., E.M. Connor, and J. Bose, Back, Lower Limb, and Upper Limb Pain Among U.S. Adults, 2019. NCHS Data Brief, 2021(415): p. 1-8.
2. Burgess, D.J., et al., Shifting the National Consciousness about Pain Treatment: The Critical Need for a National Public Education Campaign. J Pain, 2021. 22 (10): p. 1129-1133.
3. Humphreys, K., et al., Responding to the opioid crisis in North America and beyond: recommendations of the Stanford-Lancet Commission.Lancet, 2022. 399 (10324): p. 555-604.
4. Florence, C., F. Luo, and K. Rice, The economic burden of opioid use disorder and fatal opioid overdose in the United States, 2017. Drug Alcohol Depend, 2021. 218 : p. 108350.
5. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Multiple Cause of Death . 2021.
6. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Opioid Data Analysis and Resources . 2022; Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/opioids/data/analysis-resources.html.
7. Morley, G., E. Briggs, and G. Chumbley, Nurses’ Experiences of Patients with Substance-Use Disorder in Pain: A Phenomenological Study.Pain Manag Nurs, 2015. 16 (5): p. 701-11.
8. Juurlink, D.N., Rethinking ”doing well” on chronic opioid therapy. Cmaj, 2017. 189 (39): p. E1222-e1223.
9. Powell, V.D., et al., Evaluation of Buprenorphine Rotation in Patients Receiving Long-term Opioids for Chronic Pain: A Systematic Review. JAMA Network Open, 2021. 4 (9): p. e2124152-e2124152.
10. Berna, C., et al., Opioid-Independent and Opioid-Mediated Modes of Pain Modulation. J Neurosci, 2018. 38 (42): p. 9047-9058.
11. Delorme, J., et al., Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Prevalence of Chronic Pain Among Patients With Opioid Use Disorder and Receiving Opioid Substitution Therapy. J Pain, 2023.24 (2): p. 192-203.
12. Barry, D.T., et al., Relations among psychopathology, substance use, and physical pain experiences in methadone-maintained patients. J Clin Psychiatry, 2009. 70 (9): p. 1213-8.
13. Barry, D.T., et al., Pain and associated substance use among opioid dependent individuals seeking office-based treatment with buprenorphine-naloxone: a needs assessment study. Am J Addict, 2013.22 (3): p. 212-7.
14. Stein, M.D., et al., Chronic Pain and DepressionAmong Primary Care Patients Treated with Buprenorphine. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 2015. 30 (7): p. 935-941.
15. Jamison, R.N., J. Kauffman, and N.P. Katz, Characteristics of methadone maintenance patients with chronic pain. J Pain Symptom Manage, 2000. 19 (1): p. 53-62.
16. Basbaum, A.I., et al., Cellular and molecular mechanisms of pain. Cell, 2009. 139 (2): p. 267-84.
17. Jessell, T.M., E.R. Kandel, and J.H. Schwartz, Principles of neural science . 2000.
18. Lumley, M.A., et al., Pain and emotion: a biopsychosocial review of recent research. J Clin Psychol, 2011. 67 (9): p. 942-68.
19. De Aquino, J.P., et al., Pharmacological treatment of pain among persons with opioid addiction: A systematic review and meta-analysis with implications for drug development. Addiction Biology, 2021. 26 (4): p. e12964.
20. Cahill, C.M. and A.M.W. Taylor, Neuroinflammation—a co-occurring phenomenon linking chronic pain and opioid dependence.Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences, 2017. 13 : p. 171-177.
21. Kathleen T. Brady, M.D., Ph.D. , and and Rajita Sinha, Ph.D.,Co-Occurring Mental and Substance Use Disorders: The Neurobiological Effects of Chronic Stress. American Journal of Psychiatry, 2005. 162 (8): p. 1483-1493.
22. Garland, E.L., et al., The downward spiral of chronic pain, prescription opioid misuse, and addiction: cognitive, affective, and neuropsychopharmacologic pathways. Neurosci Biobehav Rev, 2013.37 (10 Pt 2): p. 2597-607.
23. Ossipov, M.H., et al., Antinociceptive and nociceptive actions of opioids. J Neurobiol, 2004. 61 (1): p. 126-48.
24. Wachholtz, A., S. Foster, and M. Cheatle, Psychophysiology of pain and opioid use: implications for managing pain in patients with an opioid use disorder. Drug Alcohol Depend, 2015. 146 : p. 1-6.
25. Berrocoso, E., et al., Opiates as antidepressants. Curr Pharm Des, 2009. 15 (14): p. 1612-22.
26. Mercadante, S., E. Arcuri, and A. Santoni, Opioid-Induced Tolerance and Hyperalgesia. CNS Drugs, 2019. 33 (10): p. 943-955.
27. Clark, D.J., Comment on: Doverty et al, Hyperalgesic responses in methadone maintenance patients (Pain 2001;90;91-6). Pain, 2002.99 (3): p. 608-609.
28. Compton, P., et al., Hyperalgesia in heroin dependent patients and the effects of opioid substitution therapy. J Pain, 2012.13 (4): p. 401-9.
29. Wachholtz, A. and G. Gonzalez, Pain sensitivity and tolerance among individuals on opioid maintenance: Long-term effects. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 2015. 146 : p. e14.
30. Athanasos, P., et al., Methadone maintenance patients are cross-tolerant to the antinociceptive effects of very high plasma morphine concentrations. Pain, 2006. 120 (3): p. 267-275.
31. De Aquino, J.P., et al., Opioid-induced analgesia among persons with opioid use disorder receiving methadone or buprenorphine: A systematic review of experimental pain studies. Drug Alcohol Depend, 2021. 228 : p. 109097.
32. van Tulder, M.W., et al., Behavioral treatment for chronic low back pain: a systematic review within the framework of the Cochrane Back Review Group. Spine (Phila Pa 1976), 2000. 25 (20): p. 2688-99.
33. Smit, T., et al., Anxiety sensitivity and pain intensity independently predict opioid misuse and dependence in chronic pain patients. Psychiatry Res, 2020. 294 : p. 113523.
34. Raja, S.N., et al., The revised International Association for the Study of Pain definition of pain: concepts, challenges, and compromises. Pain, 2020. 161 (9): p. 1976-1982.
35. Jones, C.M. and E.F. McCance-Katz, Co-occurring substance use and mental disorders among adults with opioid use disorder. Drug Alcohol Depend, 2019. 197 : p. 78-82.
36. Rizvi, S.J., W. Gandhi, and T. Salomons, Reward processing as a common diathesis for chronic pain and depression. Neurosci Biobehav Rev, 2021. 127 : p. 749-760.
37. Pereira, F.G., et al., Prevalence and clinical profile of chronic pain and its association with mental disorders. Rev Saude Publica, 2017. 51 : p. 96.
38. Morasco, B.J., et al., Systematic review of prevalence, correlates, and treatment outcomes for chronic non-cancer pain in patients with comorbid substance use disorder. Pain, 2011.152 (3): p. 488-497.
39. Vowles, K.E., et al., Rates of opioid misuse, abuse, and addiction in chronic pain: a systematic review and data synthesis.Pain, 2015. 156 (4): p. 569-576.
40. Chaves, J.F. and J.M. Brown, Spontaneous cognitive strategies for the control of clinical pain and stress. J Behav Med, 1987.10 (3): p. 263-76.
41. Quartana, P.J., C.M. Campbell, and R.R. Edwards, Pain catastrophizing: a critical review. Expert Rev Neurother, 2009.9 (5): p. 745-58.
42. Vangronsveld, K.L.H., et al., The influence of fear of movement and pain catastrophizing on daily pain and disability in individuals with acute whiplash injury: a daily diary study. Pain, 2008. 139 (2): p. 449-457.
43. Buitenhuis, J., et al., Catastrophizing and causal beliefs in whiplash. Spine (Phila Pa 1976), 2008. 33 (22): p. 2427-33; discussion 2434.
44. Rivest, K., et al., Relationships between pain thresholds, catastrophizing and gender in acute whiplash injury. Man Ther, 2010.15 (2): p. 154-9.
45. Jensen, I., et al., Coping with long-term musculoskeletal pain and its consequences: is gender a factor? Pain, 1994. 57 (2): p. 167-172.
46. Larivière, C., et al., Poor back muscle endurance is related to pain catastrophizing in patients with chronic low back pain. Spine (Phila Pa 1976), 2010. 35 (22): p. E1178-86.
47. Kovacs, F.M., et al., The correlation between pain, catastrophizing, and disability in subacute and chronic low back pain: a study in the routine clinical practice of the Spanish National Health Service. Spine (Phila Pa 1976), 2011. 36 (4): p. 339-45.
48. Martinez-Calderon, J., et al., Pain Catastrophizing, Opioid Misuse, Opioid Use, and Opioid Dose in People With Chronic Musculoskeletal Pain: A Systematic Review. J Pain, 2021.22 (8): p. 879-891.
49. MacLean, R.R., et al., Attentional bias in opioid users: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Drug Alcohol Depend, 2018.191 : p. 270-278.
50. Garland, E.L., et al., Attentional bias for prescription opioid cues among opioid dependent chronic pain patients. J Behav Med, 2013. 36 (6): p. 611-20.
51. Field, M., R. Marhe, and I.H. Franken, The clinical relevance of attentional bias in substance use disorders. CNS Spectr, 2014.19 (3): p. 225-30.
52. Gradin, V.B., et al., Abnormal brain activity during a reward and loss task in opiate-dependent patients receiving methadone maintenance therapy. Neuropsychopharmacology, 2014. 39 (4): p. 885-94.
53. Zale, E.L., J.M. Powers, and J.W. Ditre, Cognitive-Affective Transdiagnostic Factors Associated With Vulnerability to Alcohol and Prescription Opioid Use in the Context of Pain. Alcohol Res, 2021.41 (1): p. 08.
54. Bach, P., et al., Effects of social exclusion and physical pain in chronic opioid maintenance treatment: fMRI correlates. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol, 2019. 29 (2): p. 291-305.
55. Havassy, B.E., S.M. Hall, and D.A. Wasserman, Social support and relapse: Commonalities among alcoholics, opiate users, and cigarette smokers. Addictive Behaviors, 1991. 16 (5): p. 235-246.
56. Zargar, F., et al., Effectiveness of Emotion Regulation Group Therapy on Craving, Emotion Problems, and Marital Satisfaction in Patients with Substance Use Disorders: A Randomized Clinical Trial.Iran J Psychiatry, 2019. 14 (4): p. 283-290.
57. Koob, G.F., Neurobiology of Opioid Addiction: Opponent Process, Hyperkatifeia, and Negative Reinforcement. Biol Psychiatry, 2020. 87 (1): p. 44-53.
58. Glenn, B. and J.W. Burns, Pain self-management in the process and outcome of multidisciplinary treatment of chronic pain: evaluation of a stage of change model. J Behav Med, 2003. 26 (5): p. 417-33.
59. Martinson, A., J. Craner, and J. Clinton-Lont, Outcomes of a 6-week Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Chronic Pain Group for veterans seen in primary care. Transl Behav Med, 2020. 10 (1): p. 254-266.
60. Andrasik, F., H. Flor, and D.C. Turk, An expanded view of psychological aspects in head pain: the biopsychosocial model. Neurol Sci, 2005. 26 Suppl 2 : p. s87-91.
61. Jensen, M.P., et al., Cognitions, coping and social environment predict adjustment to phantom limb pain. Pain, 2002.95 (1-2): p. 133-42.
62. Manne, S.L. and A.J. Zautra, Spouse criticism and support: their association with coping and psychological adjustment among women with rheumatoid arthritis. J Pers Soc Psychol, 1989. 56 (4): p. 608-17.
63. Waltz, M., W. Kriegel, and P. van’t Pad Bosch, The social environment and health in rheumatoid arthritis: marital quality predicts individual variability in pain severity. Arthritis Care Res, 1998.11 (5): p. 356-74.
64. Giardino, N.D., et al., Social environment moderates the association between catastrophizing and pain among persons with a spinal cord injury. Pain, 2003. 106 (1-2): p. 19-25.
65. Matos, M., S.F. Bernardes, and L. Goubert, Why and when social support predicts older adults’ pain-related disability: a longitudinal study. Pain, 2017. 158 (10): p. 1915-1924.
66. Kumar, N., et al., The role of social network support in treatment outcomes for medication for opioid use disorder: A systematic review. J Subst Abuse Treat, 2021. 127 : p. 108367.
67. Bryant, B.K., Assessment of social support, social network, and social capital , in The Cambridge handbook of environment in human development. 2012, Cambridge University Press: New York, NY, US. p. 626-654.
68. Work, C.U.S.o.S., Social Support Network Map .
69. Barnett, M.L., et al., Racial Inequality in Receipt of Medications for Opioid Use Disorder. N Engl J Med, 2023.388 (19): p. 1779-1789.
70. Friedman, J.R. and H. Hansen, Evaluation of Increases in Drug Overdose Mortality Rates in the US by Race and Ethnicity Before and During the COVID-19 Pandemic. JAMA Psychiatry, 2022. 79 (4): p. 379-381.
71. Boissoneault, J., J.R. Bunch, and M. Robinson, The roles of ethnicity, sex, and parental pain modeling in rating of experienced and imagined pain events. J Behav Med, 2015. 38 (5): p. 809-16.
72. Gagnon, C.M., et al., Ethnicity and interdisciplinary pain treatment. Pain Pract, 2014. 14 (6): p. 532-40.
73. Trost, Z., et al., Examining Injustice Appraisals in a Racially Diverse Sample of Individuals With Chronic Low Back Pain. J Pain, 2019. 20 (1): p. 83-96.
74. Campbell, C.M., R.R. Edwards, and R.B. Fillingim, Ethnic differences in responses to multiple experimental pain stimuli. Pain, 2005. 113 (1-2): p. 20-6.
75. Campbell, C.M., et al., Ethnic differences in diffuse noxious inhibitory controls. J Pain, 2008. 9 (8): p. 759-66.
76. Edwards, R.R., et al., Ethnic differences in pain tolerance: clinical implications in a chronic pain population. Psychosom Med, 2001. 63 (2): p. 316-23.
77. Kim, H.J., et al., Racial and ethnic differences in experimental pain sensitivity: systematic review and meta-analysis.Pain, 2017. 158 (2): p. 194-211.
78. Mechlin, M.B., et al., African Americans show alterations in endogenous pain regulatory mechanisms and reduced pain tolerance to experimental pain procedures. Psychosom Med, 2005. 67 (6): p. 948-56.
79. Rahim-Williams, F.B., et al., Ethnic identity predicts experimental pain sensitivity in African Americans and Hispanics. Pain, 2007. 129 (1-2): p. 177-84.
80. Sheffield, D., et al., Race and sex differences in cutaneous pain perception. Psychosom Med, 2000. 62 (4): p. 517-23.
81. Letzen, J.E., et al., Preliminary Evidence for the Sequentially Mediated Effect of Racism-Related Stress on Pain Sensitivity Through Sleep Disturbance and Corticolimbic Opioid Receptor Function. J Pain, 2023. 24 (1): p. 1-18.
82. Edens, E.L., I. Gafni, and J. Encandela, Addiction and Chronic Pain: Training Addiction Psychiatrists. Acad Psychiatry, 2016.40 (3): p. 489-93.
83. Chang, G., L. Chen, and J. Mao, Opioid tolerance and hyperalgesia. Med Clin North Am, 2007. 91 (2): p. 199-211.
84. King, T., et al., Is paradoxical pain induced by sustained opioid exposure an underlying mechanism of opioid antinociceptive tolerance? Neurosignals, 2005. 14 (4): p. 194-205.
85. DuPen, A., D. Shen, and M. Ersek, Mechanisms of opioid-induced tolerance and hyperalgesia. Pain Manag Nurs, 2007. 8 (3): p. 113-21.
86. Bannister, K., Opioid-induced hyperalgesia: where are we now?Curr Opin Support Palliat Care, 2015. 9 (2): p. 116-21.
87. Lee, M., et al., A comprehensive review of opioid-induced hyperalgesia. Pain Physician, 2011. 14 (2): p. 145-61.
88. Mao, J., Opioid-induced abnormal pain sensitivity. Current Pain and Headache Reports, 2006. 10 (1): p. 67-70.
89. Tzabazis, A.Z. and W. Koppert, Opioid-induced hyperalgesia or opioid-withdrawal hyperalgesia? European Journal of Anaesthesiology, 2007. 24 (9): p. 811-812.
90. Compton, P., P. Athanasos, and D. Elashoff, Withdrawal hyperalgesia after acute opioid physical dependence in nonaddicted humans: a preliminary study. J Pain, 2003. 4 (9): p. 511-9.
91. Weber, L., D.C. Yeomans, and A. Tzabazis, Opioid-induced hyperalgesia in clinical anesthesia practice: what has remained from theoretical concepts and experimental studies? Curr Opin Anaesthesiol, 2017. 30 (4): p. 458-465.
92. Wesson, D.R. and W. Ling, The Clinical Opiate Withdrawal Scale (COWS). J Psychoactive Drugs, 2003. 35 (2): p. 253-9.
93. Handelsman, L., et al., Two new rating scales for opiate withdrawal. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse, 1987. 13 (3): p. 293-308.
94. Jha, M.K., et al., Cross-Sectional Associations Among Symptoms of Pain, Irritability, and Depression and How These Symptoms Relate to Social Functioning and Quality of Life: Findings From the EMBARC and STRIDE Studies and the VitalSign6 Project. J Clin Psychiatry, 2021.82 (3).
95. Mullins, P.M., R.J. Yong, and N. Bhattacharyya, Associations between chronic pain, anxiety, and depression among adults in the United States. Pain Pract, 2023. 23 (6): p. 589-594.
96. Goulart, L.I., R.N. Delgado Rodrigues, and M.F. Prieto Peres,Restless legs syndrome and pain disorders: what’s in common? Curr Pain Headache Rep, 2014. 18 (11): p. 461.
97. Modarresi, S., et al., A Systematic Review and Synthesis of Psychometric Properties of the Numeric Pain Rating Scale and the Visual Analog Scale for Use in People With Neck Pain. Clin J Pain, 2021.38 (2): p. 132-148.
98. Kapstad, H., B. Rokne, and K. Stavem, Psychometric properties of the Brief Pain Inventory among patients with osteoarthritis undergoing total hip replacement surgery. Health Qual Life Outcomes, 2010. 8 : p. 148.
99. Kahl, C. and J.A. Cleland, Visual analogue scale, numeric pain rating scale and the McGill pain Questionnaire: an overview of psychometric properties. Physical Therapy Reviews, 2005.10 (2): p. 123-128.
100. Hayes, M., Experimental development of the graphic rating method. Psychological Bulletin, 1921. 18 : p. 98-99.
101. Margetić, B., et al., Depression, anxiety and pain in children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA). Eur Psychiatry, 2005. 20 (3): p. 274-6.
102. Cheatle, M.D., et al., Development of the Revised Opioid Risk Tool to Predict Opioid Use Disorder in Patients with Chronic Nonmalignant Pain. J Pain, 2019. 20 (7): p. 842-851.
103. Hagglund, K.J., et al., Predicting pain among children with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Care Res, 1995. 8 (1): p. 36-42.
104. Muriel, J., et al., Impact of CYP2D6 genotype on opioid use disorder deprescription: an observational prospective study in chronic pain with sex-differences. Front Pharmacol, 2023. 14 : p. 1200430.
105. Nielsen, R.V., et al., Intraoperative ketamine reduces immediate postoperative opioid consumption after spinal fusion surgery in chronic pain patients with opioid dependency: a randomized, blinded trial. Pain, 2017. 158 (3): p. 463-470.
106. Veldman, S., et al., Effects of opioid rotation to buprenorphine/naloxone on pain, pain thresholds, pain tolerance, and quality of life in patients with chronic pain and opioid use disorder.Pain, 2022. 163 (5): p. 955-963.
107. Boyett, B., et al., Assessment of craving in opioid use disorder: Psychometric evaluation and predictive validity of the opioid craving VAS. Drug Alcohol Depend, 2021. 229 (Pt B): p. 109057.
108. Kleykamp, B.A., et al., Craving and opioid use disorder: A scoping review. Drug Alcohol Depend, 2019. 205 : p. 107639.
109. Downie, W.W., et al., Studies with pain rating scales. Ann Rheum Dis, 1978. 37 (4): p. 378-81.
110. Breivik, H., et al., Assessment of pain. Br J Anaesth, 2008.101 (1): p. 17-24.
111. Haefeli, M. and A. Elfering, Pain assessment. Eur Spine J, 2006. 15 Suppl 1 (Suppl 1): p. S17-24.
112. Chiarotto, A., et al., Measurement Properties of Visual Analogue Scale, Numeric Rating Scale, and Pain Severity Subscale of the Brief Pain Inventory in Patients With Low Back Pain: A Systematic Review. J Pain, 2019. 20 (3): p. 245-263.
113. Bommersbach, T., D.A. Ross, and J.P. De Aquino, Perpetual Hunger: The Neurobiological Consequences of Long-Term Opioid Use. Biol Psychiatry, 2020. 87 (1): p. e1-e3.
114. Latif, Z.H., et al., Chronic Pain Among Patients With an Opioid Use Disorder. Am J Addict, 2021. 30 (4): p. 366-375.
115. Daut, R.L., C.S. Cleeland, and R.C. Flanery, Development of the Wisconsin Brief Pain Questionnaire to assess pain in cancer and other diseases. Pain, 1983. 17 (2): p. 197-210.
116. Poquet, N. and C. Lin, The Brief Pain Inventory (BPI). J Physiother, 2016. 62 (1): p. 52.
117. Cleeland, C.S. and K.M. Ryan, Pain assessment: global use of the Brief Pain Inventory. Ann Acad Med Singap, 1994. 23 (2): p. 129-38.
118. Dworkin, R.H., et al., Core outcome measures for chronic pain clinical trials: IMMPACT recommendations. Pain, 2005.113 (1-2): p. 9-19.
119. Latremoliere, A. and C.J. Woolf, Central sensitization: a generator of pain hypersensitivity by central neural plasticity. J Pain, 2009. 10 (9): p. 895-926.
120. Hall, O.T., et al., Central sensitization in opioid use disorder: a novel application of the American College of Rheumatology Fibromyalgia Survey Criteria. Pain Rep, 2022. 7 (4): p. e1016.
121. Katz, J. and R. Melzack, MEASUREMENT OF PAIN. Surgical Clinics of North America, 1999. 79 (2): p. 231-252.
122. De Aquino, J.P., et al.,Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol modulates pain sensitivity among persons receiving opioid agonist therapy for opioid use disorder: A within-subject, randomized, placebo-controlled laboratory study.Addiction Biology, 2023. 28 (9): p. e13317.
123. Latif, Z.E., et al., No increased pain among opioid-dependent individuals treated with extended-release naltrexone or buprenorphine-naloxone: A 3-month randomized study and 9-month open-treatment follow-up study. Am J Addict, 2019. 28 (2): p. 77-85.
124. Arif-Rahu, M., D. Fisher, and Y. Matsuda, Biobehavioral measures for pain in the pediatric patient. Pain Manag Nurs, 2012.13 (3): p. 157-68.
125. Gélinas, C., et al., The Behavior Pain Assessment Tool for critically ill adults: a validation study in 28 countries. Pain, 2017.158 (5): p. 811-821.
126. Pande, R.K., Behavioral Pain Assessment Tool: Yet Another Attempt to Measure Pain in Sedated and Ventilated Patients! Indian J Crit Care Med, 2020. 24 (8): p. 617-618.
127. Snow, A.L. and J.L. Shuster, Jr., Assessment and treatment of persistent pain in persons with cognitive and communicative impairment.J Clin Psychol, 2006. 62 (11): p. 1379-87.
128. Morrison, R., et al., Racial/Ethnic Differences in Staff-Assessed Pain Behaviors Among Newly Admitted Nursing Home Residents. J Pain Symptom Manage, 2021. 61 (3): p. 438-448.e3.
129. Bannon, S., et al., The role of social isolation in physical and emotional outcomes among patients with chronic pain. Gen Hosp Psychiatry, 2021. 69 : p. 50-54.
130. Teeters, J.B., et al., Sleep moderates the relationship between stress and craving in individuals with opioid use disorder. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol, 2021. 29 (4): p. 418-426.
131. Buysse, D.J., et al., The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index: a new instrument for psychiatric practice and research. Psychiatry Res, 1989. 28 (2): p. 193-213.
132. Salgado García, F.I., et al., Using wearable technology to detect prescription opioid self-administration. Pain, 2022.163 (2): p. e357-e367.
133. Lambert, T.P., et al., Leveraging Accelerometry as a Prognostic Indicator for Increase in Opioid Withdrawal Symptoms.Biosensors (Basel), 2022. 12 (11).
134. Bertz, J.W., et al., Sleep reductions associated with illicit opioid use and clinic-hour changes during opioid agonist treatment for opioid dependence: Measurement by electronic diary and actigraphy. J Subst Abuse Treat, 2019. 106 : p. 43-57.
135. Worley, M.J., et al., Pain volatility and prescription opioid addiction treatment outcomes in patients with chronic pain. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol, 2015. 23 (6): p. 428-35.
136. Erden, S., et al., Vital signs: Valid indicators to assess pain in intensive care unit patients? An observational, descriptive study. Nurs Health Sci, 2018. 20 (4): p. 502-508.
137. Gunn, J., et al., An Analysis of Biomarkers in Patients with Chronic Pain. Pain Physician, 2020. 23 (1): p. E41-e49.
138. Korving, H., et al., Physiological Measures of Acute and Chronic Pain within Different Subject Groups: A Systematic Review. Pain Res Manag, 2020. 2020 : p. 9249465.
139. Chen, H.J. and Y.M. Chen, Pain assessment: validation of the physiologic indicators in the ventilated adult patient. Pain Manag Nurs, 2015. 16 (2): p. 105-11.
140. Relland, L.M., A. Gehred, and N.L. Maitre, Behavioral and Physiological Signs for Pain Assessment in Preterm and Term Neonates During a Nociception-Specific Response: A Systematic Review. Pediatr Neurol, 2019. 90 : p. 13-23.
141. Andersson, J.-O., et al., The intensity of pain in the prehospital setting is most strongly reflected in the respiratory rate among physiological parameters. The American Journal of Emergency Medicine, 2019. 37 (12): p. 2125-2131.
142. Takita, K., et al., Actions of opioids on respiratory activity via activation of brainstem μ-, δ- and κ-receptors; an in vitro study. Brain Research, 1997. 778 (1): p. 233-241.
143. Forte, G., et al., Heart Rate Variability and Pain: A Systematic Review. Brain Sci, 2022. 12 (2).
144. Cowan, M.J., Measurement of Heart Rate Variability. Western Journal of Nursing Research, 1995. 17 (1): p. 32-48.
145. Roberts, R.L. and E.L. Garland, Association between opioid use disorder and blunted heart rate variability among opioid-treated chronic pain patients. Addict Biol, 2022. 27 (6): p. e13230.
146. Levin, C.J., et al., Changes in cardiac vagal tone as measured by heart rate variability during naloxone-induced opioid withdrawal. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 2019. 204 : p. 107538.
147. Chen, A. and M.A. Ashburn, Cardiac Effects of Opioid Therapy. Pain Medicine, 2015. 16 (suppl_1): p. S27-S31.
148. Frew, A.K. and P.D. Drummond, Opposite effects of opioid blockade on the blood pressure–pain relationship in depressed and non-depressed participants. Pain, 2009. 142 (1): p. 68-74.
149. Mücke, M., et al., Quantitative sensory testing (QST). English version. Schmerz, 2021. 35 (Suppl 3): p. 153-160.
150. Marcuzzi, A., et al., The long-term reliability of static and dynamic quantitative sensory testing in healthy individuals. Pain, 2017. 158 (7): p. 1217-1223.
151. Mackey, I.G., et al., Dynamic Quantitative Sensory Testing to Characterize Central Pain Processing. J Vis Exp, 2017(120).
152. Prosser, J.M., et al., Abnormal heat and pain perception in remitted heroin dependence months after detoxification from methadone-maintenance. Drug Alcohol Depend, 2008. 95 (3): p. 237-44.
153. Zahari, Z., et al., Relationship between CYP2B6*6 and cold pressor pain sensitivity in opioid dependent patients on methadone maintenance therapy (MMT). Drug Alcohol Depend, 2016. 165 : p. 143-50.
154. Zahari, Z., et al., ABCB1 Polymorphisms and Cold Pressor Pain Responses: Opioid-Dependent Patients on Methadone Maintenance Therapy.Nurs Res, 2017. 66 (2): p. 134-144.
155. Heddini, U., et al., A118G polymorphism in the μ-opioid receptor gene and levels of β-endorphin are associated with provoked vestibulodynia and pressure pain sensitivity. Scand J Pain, 2014.5 (1): p. 10-16.
156. Edwards, R.R., et al., Elevated Pain Sensitivity in Chronic Pain Patients at Risk for Opioid Misuse. The Journal of Pain, 2011.12 (9): p. 953-963.
157. Compton, P.A., T.E. Wasser, and M.D. Cheatle, Increased Experimental Pain Sensitivity in Chronic Pain Patients Who Developed Opioid Use Disorder. Clin J Pain, 2020. 36 (9): p. 667-674.
158. Logothetis, N.K., What we can do and what we cannot do with fMRI. Nature, 2008. 453 (7197): p. 869-78.
159. Wager, T.D., et al., An fMRI-based neurologic signature of physical pain. N Engl J Med, 2013. 368 (15): p. 1388-97.
160. Fomberstein, K., S. Qadri, and R. Ramani, Functional MRI and pain. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol, 2013. 26 (5): p. 588-93.
161. Iannetti, G. and A.V. Apkarian, 498499fMRI and Human Pain Perception , in The Oxford Handbook of the Neurobiology of Pain , J.N. Wood, Editor. 2020, Oxford University Press. p. 0.
162. McConnell, P.A., et al., Impaired frontostriatal functional connectivity among chronic opioid using pain patients is associated with dysregulated affect. Addict Biol, 2020. 25 (2): p. e12743.
163. Wey, H.-Y., et al., Simultaneous fMRI–PET of the opioidergic pain system in human brain. NeuroImage, 2014. 102 : p. 275-282.
164. Faraj, M.M., et al., A Virtual Reality Meditative Intervention Modulates Pain and the Pain Neuromatrix in Patients with Opioid Use Disorder. Pain Med, 2021. 22 (11): p. 2739-2753.
165. Dowdle, L.T., et al., Sensitized brain response to acute pain in patients using prescription opiates for chronic pain: A pilot study.Drug Alcohol Depend, 2019. 200 : p. 6-13.
166. Pinheiro, E.S., et al., Electroencephalographic Patterns in Chronic Pain: A Systematic Review of the Literature. PLoS One, 2016.11 (2): p. e0149085.
167. Ploner, M. and E.S. May, Electroencephalography and magnetoencephalography in pain research-current state and future perspectives. Pain, 2018. 159 (2): p. 206-211.
168. Ploner, M., C. Sorg, and J. Gross, Brain Rhythms of Pain.Trends Cogn Sci, 2017. 21 (2): p. 100-110.
169. Davis, K.D., et al., Discovery and validation of biomarkers to aid the development of safe and effective pain therapeutics: challenges and opportunities. Nature reviews. Neurology, 2020.16 (7): p. 381-400.
170. Corace, K., et al., Resting State EEG Activity Related to Impulsivity in People with Prescription Opioid Use Disorder. Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging, 2022. 321 : p. 111447.
171. Hudak, J., et al., Neurophysiological Deficits During Reappraisal of Negative Emotional Stimuli in Opioid Misuse. Biol Psychiatry, 2022. 91 (12): p. 1070-1078.
172. Miller, D.K., et al., Acute Intravenous Synaptamine Complex Variant KB220™ “Normalizes” Neurological Dysregulation in Patients during Protracted Abstinence from Alcohol and Opiates as Observed Using Quantitative Electroencephalographic and Genetic Analysis for Reward Polymorphisms: Part 1, Pilot Study with 2 Case Reports. Postgraduate Medicine, 2010. 122 (6): p. 188-213.
173. Koyama, S., et al., An Electroencephalography Bioassay for Preclinical Testing of Analgesic Efficacy. Scientific Reports, 2018.8 (1): p. 16402.
174. Brooks Holliday, S., et al., Do Sleep and Psychological Distress Mediate the Association Between Neighborhood Factors and Pain?Pain Med, 2019. 20 (2): p. 278-289.
175. Lewis, S.A., et al., Heroin and human sleep.Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol, 1970. 28 (4): p. 374-81.
176. Dimsdale, J.E., et al., The effect of opioids on sleep architecture. J Clin Sleep Med, 2007. 3 (1): p. 33-6.
177. Huhn, A.S., et al., Suvorexant ameliorated sleep disturbance, opioid withdrawal, and craving during a buprenorphine taper. Sci Transl Med, 2022. 14 (650): p. eabn8238.
178. Danilov, A., et al., Interdisciplinary approach to chronic pain management. Postgrad Med, 2020. 132 (sup3): p. 5-9.
179. Ghafouri, N., et al., Effects of interdisciplinary pain rehabilitation programs on neuropathic and non-neuropathic chronic pain conditions - a registry-based cohort study from Swedish Quality Registry for Pain Rehabilitation (SQRP). BMC Musculoskelet Disord, 2023.24 (1): p. 357.
180. Goldenberg, D.L., Multidisciplinary modalities in the treatment of fibromyalgia. J Clin Psychiatry, 2008. 69 Suppl 2 : p. 30-4.
181. Scascighini, L., et al., Multidisciplinary treatment for chronic pain: a systematic review of interventions and outcomes.Rheumatology (Oxford), 2008. 47 (5): p. 670-8.
182. Sarzi-Puttini, P., et al., Multidisciplinary approach to fibromyalgia: what is the teaching? Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol, 2011. 25 (2): p. 311-9.
183. Becker, W.C., et al., Management of patients with issues related to opioid safety, efficacy and/or misuse: a case series from an integrated, interdisciplinary clinic. Addict Sci Clin Pract, 2016.11 (1): p. 3.
184. Kwon, E., et al., A Comprehensive, Multimodal, Interdisciplinary Approach to Chronic Non-Cancer Pain Management in a Family Medicine Clinic: A Retrospective Cohort Review. Perm J, 2021.25 .
185. Dobscha, S.K., et al., Collaborative care for chronic pain in primary care: a cluster randomized trial. Jama, 2009. 301 (12): p. 1242-52.
186. Mailis, A., A. Deshpande, and S.F. Lakha, Long term outcomes of chronic pain patients attending a publicly funded community-based interdisciplinary pain program in the Greater Toronto area: results of a practice-based audit. J Patient Rep Outcomes, 2022. 6 (1): p. 44.
187. Purcell, N., et al., The Integrated Pain Team: A Mixed-Methods Evaluation of the Impact of an Embedded Interdisciplinary Pain Care Intervention on Primary Care Team Satisfaction, Confidence, and Perceptions of Care Effectiveness. Pain Med, 2018. 19 (9): p. 1748-1763.
188. DiMeola, K.A., et al., A Pilot Investigation of Nonpharmacological Pain Management Intervention Groups in Methadone Maintenance Treatment. J Addict Med, 2022. 16 (2): p. 229-234.
189. Barry, D.T., et al., The feasibility and acceptability of groups for pain management in methadone maintenance treatment. J Addict Med, 2014. 8 (5): p. 338-44.
190. Edmond, S.N., et al., Optimizing Interdisciplinary Virtual Pain Care and Buprenorphine Initiation During COVID-19: A Quality Improvement Study. Pain Med, 2022. 23 (6): p. 1043-1046.
191. Mardian, A.S., et al., Flipping the hidden curriculum to transform pain education and culture. Frontiers in Pain Research, 2023.4 .
192. Tellier, P.P., et al., Improving undergraduate medical education about pain assessment and management: a qualitative descriptive study of stakeholders’ perceptions. Pain Res Manag, 2013.18 (5): p. 259-65.
193. Sobel, H.G., et al., Assessment of an observed clinical skills exam in undergraduate medical education: a patient with opioid use disorder and chronic pain. J Addict Dis, 2023: p. 1-6.
194. Gillan, C., et al., The evaluation of learner outcomes in interprofessional continuing education: a literature review and an analysis of survey instruments. Med Teach, 2011. 33 (9): p. e461-70.
195. Muzyk, A., et al., Substance Use Disorder Education in Medical Schools: A Scoping Review. Acad Med, 2019. 94 (11): p. 1825-1834.
196. Shipton, E.E., et al., Systematic Review of Pain Medicine Content, Teaching, and Assessment in Medical School Curricula Internationally. Pain Ther, 2018. 7 (2): p. 139-161.
197. Hernández-Sánchez, S., et al., Dealing with Chronic Pain: Tips to Teach Undergraduate Health Sciences Students. J Pain Res, 2022.15 : p. 3223-3232.
198. Shipton, E., C. Steketee, and E. Visser, The Pain Medicine Curriculum Framework-structured integration of pain medicine education into the medical curriculum. Front Pain Res (Lausanne), 2022.3 : p. 1057114.
199. Tookes, H.E., et al., Opioid Use Disorder Curriculum: Medicine Clerkship Standardized Patient Case, Small-Group Activity, and Patient Panel. MedEdPORTAL, 2022. 18 : p. 11248.
200. Vargovich, A.M., et al., Difficult Conversations: Training Medical Students to Assess, Educate, and Treat the Patient with Chronic Pain. Acad Psychiatry, 2019. 43 (5): p. 494-498.
201. Renner, J.A., Jr., Counteracting the Effect of Stigma on Education for Substance Use Disorders. Focus (Am Psychiatr Publ), 2019.17 (2): p. 134-140.
202. Stevens, D.L., et al., Medical students retain pain assessment and management skills long after an experiential curriculum: a controlled study. Pain, 2009. 145 (3): p. 319-324.
203. Drake, G. and C.W.A.C. de, Nursing Education Interventions for Managing Acute Pain in Hospital Settings: A Systematic Review of Clinical Outcomes and Teaching Methods. Pain Manag Nurs, 2017.18 (1): p. 3-15.
204. Bean, D.J., et al., The Determinants and Effects of Chronic Pain Stigma: A Mixed Methods Study and the Development of a Model. J Pain, 2022. 23 (10): p. 1749-1764.
205. Earnshaw, V.A., Stigma and substance use disorders: A clinical, research, and advocacy agenda. Am Psychol, 2020.75 (9): p. 1300-1311.
206. Countey, H., C. Steinbronn, and S.E. Grady, Changing student attitudes and perceptions toward opioid use disorder. Ment Health Clin, 2018. 8 (5): p. 222-226.
207. Oliveira, D., et al., Developing non-opioid therapeutics to alleviate pain among persons with opioid use disorder: a review of the human evidence. International Review of Psychiatry, 2023: p. 1-20.
208. Morais, C.A., et al., Confronting Racism in Pain Research: A Call to Action. J Pain, 2022. 23 (6): p. 878-892.
209. Kersten, P., P.J. White, and A. Tennant, Is the pain visual analogue scale linear and responsive to change? An exploration using Rasch analysis. PLoS One, 2014. 9 (6): p. e99485.
210. Von Korff, M., M.P. Jensen, and P. Karoly, Assessing global pain severity by self-report in clinical and health services research.Spine (Phila Pa 1976), 2000. 25 (24): p. 3140-51.
211. van Dijk, J.F., et al., The diagnostic value of the numeric pain rating scale in older postoperative patients. J Clin Nurs, 2012.21 (21-22): p. 3018-24.