Vegetation sampling
On the first visit to each site, the percentage cover of shrubs and bare ground were recorded using the same quadrats for percentage cover of plants, and the percentage cover of trees was later recorded using Google Maps. Plant surveys were conducted following Tzortzakaki et al. (2019), with the app “PictureThis” used alongside local taxonomic expertise for species identification (Glority Global Group Limited, 2020). Four 0.5 m2 quadrats were established at even distances along the butterfly transects, with the small quadrat size chosen due to the limited spatial extent of the sites. The percentage cover of each plant species was recorded for each quadrat, with vegetation surveys conducted at each site in May and June for a total sample size of n = 144. Despite the increased sample size compared to the butterflies and birds, species accumulation curves suggested that we only described 76% of the vegetation community in each habitat type (Figure 2E-F), thus vegetation results should be interpreted with caution.