Fig.7 Cell viability of R12-AgNPs after 24 h incubation at different concentrations.

In conclusion, the AgNPs synthesized using the cell-free supernatant ofD. wulumuqiensis R12 exhibit several advantageous properties, including peroxidase-like activity, strong bacteriostatic capabilities, and excellent biocompatibility. These AgNPs effectively deactivate bacteria by generating toxic ROS that disrupt bacterial membranes. Moreover, the intrinsic peroxidase-like activity of R12-AgNPs enables the catalysis of H₂O₂ decomposition, producing hydroxyl radicals at low concentrations and enhancing synergistic antimicrobial effects while maintaining biosafety. Through the combination with H₂O₂, R12-AgNPs have demonstrated exceptional effectiveness in antimicrobial therapy. This approach holds promise as a candidate for antibiotic-free treatment of bacterial infections. The combination of R12-AgNPs and H₂O₂ presents a novel strategy that could address the growing concern of antibiotic resistance and offer a safer and effective alternative for combatting bacterial infections.