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\begin{document}

\title{Modulating the Electrolyte Inner Solvation Structure via Low Polarity
Cosolvent for Low-Temperature Aqueous Zinc-Ion Batteries}



\author[1]{Yongchao Kang}%
\author[1]{Feng Zhang}%
\author[1]{Houzhen Li}%
\author[1]{Wangran Wei}%
\author[1]{Huitong Dong}%
\author[1]{Hao Chen}%
\author[1]{Yuanhua Sang}%
\author[1]{Hong Liu}%
\author[1]{Shuhua Wang}%
\affil[1]{Shandong University}%


\vspace{-1em}



  
  \date{June 18, 2024}


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\begin{abstract}
Aqueous zinc-ion batteries (AZIBs) are regarded as the promising
candidates for large-scale energy storage systems owing to low cost and
high safety; however, their applications are restricted by their poor
low-temperature performance. Herein, a low-temperature electrolyte for
low-temperature AZIBs is designed by introducing low-polarity diglyme
(DGM) into an aqueous solution of Zn(ClO4)2. The DGM disrupts the
hydrogen-bonding network of water and lowers the freezing point of the
electrolyte to -105 \selectlanguage{ngerman}°C. The designed electrolyte achieves ionic
conductivity up to 16.18 mS cm-1 at -45 °C. The DGM and ClO4-
reconfigure the solvated structure of Zn2+, which is more favorable for
the desolvation of Zn2+ at low temperatures. In addition, the DGM
effectively suppresses the dendrites, hydrogen evolution reaction, and
by-products of the zinc anode, improving the cycle stability of the
battery. At -20 °C, a Zn\textbar{}\textbar{}Zn symmetrical cell is
cycled for 4,500 h at 1 mA cm-2 and 1 mA h cm-2, and a
Zn\textbar{}\textbar{} polyaniline (PANI) battery achieves an ultra-long
cycle life of 10,000 times. This study sheds light on the future design
of electrolytes with high ionic conductivity and easy desolvation at low
temperatures for rechargeable batteries.%
\end{abstract}\selectlanguage{ngerman}%



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