Figure 2: This figure shows that substance abuse ultimately
leads to neuroinflammation associated with neuronal damage through the
production of inflammatory factors by glial cells. Methamphetamine,
opioids, and cocaine activate microglia and astrocytes by producing DAQ,
ROS, and NO. Activated microglia and astrocytes increase interleukin
production, promoting neuroinflammation and neuronal damage. Damaged
neurons release DAMPs that act on microglia and exacerbate inflammation
and eventual neurotoxicity through a positive feedback mechanism.