References
  1. Tak T, Crouch E, Drake GB. Persistent left superior vena cava: incidence, significance, and clinical correlates. Int J Cardiol. 2002;82(1):91–93.
  2. Buirski G, Jordan SC, Joffe HS, Wilde P, uperior vena caval abnormalities: their occurrence rate, associated cardiac abnormalities and angiographic classification in a paediatric population with congenital heart disease. Clin Radiol 1986; 37:131–8.
  3. Arwin, R.B.; Greaves, M.; Schmitt, M. Left superior vena cava: Revisited. Eur. Heart J. Cardiovasc. Imaging , 2012, 13, 284–291.
  4. Winter FS. Persistent left superior vena cava: survey of world literature and report of thirty additional cases, Angiology, 1954, vol. 5 (pg. 90-132)
  5. Syed Raza N , Ishfaq A , Han N Tun, et al. Two Cases of Cardiac Implantable Electronic Device Placement via Persistent Left Superior Vena Cava , Eur J Case Rep Intern Med. 2020; 7(5): 001484.
  6. Cormier MG , Yedlicka JW, Gray RJ, Moncada R , Congenital anomalies of the superior vena cava: a CT study, Semin Roentgenol, 1989, vol. 24 (pg. 77-83)
  7. S Chaithiraphan, E Goldberg, W Wolff, P Jootar, W Grossman, Massive thrombosis of the coronary sinus as an unusual complication of transvenous pacemaker insertion in a patient with persistent left, and no right superior vena cava, J Am Geriatr Soc. 1974 Feb;22(2):79-85.
  8. S Amikam, J Lemer, E Riss , Permanent right ventricular pacing through an anomalous left superior vena cava , Thorax doi , 1977 Dec;32(6):777-80
  9. C Hwang 1 , H S Karagueuzian, P S Chen , Idiopathic paroxysmal atrial fibrillation induced by a focal discharge mechanism in the left superior pulmonary vein: possible roles of the ligament of Marshall , J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol . 1999 May;10(5):636-48
  10. Leichter DA, Sullivan I, Gersony WM Acquired’ discrete subvalvular aortic stenosis: natural history and hemodynamics, J Am Coll Cardiol, 1989, vol. 14 (pg. 1539-1544)
  11. J M Oliver , A González, P Gallego, Discrete subaortic stenosis in adults: increased prevalence and slow rate of progression of the obstruction and aortic regurgitation, J Am Coll Cardiol. 2001 Sep;38(3):835-42.