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\begin{document}

\title{High quality diet enhances immune response during viral infection in an
insect herbivore.}



\author[1]{Su'ad Yoon}%
\author[2]{Kevin So}%
\author[3]{Josh Harrison}%
\author[4]{Katherine Urie}%
\author[5]{Zachariah Gompert}%
\author[6]{Pedro Miura}%
\author[6]{Angela M Smilanich}%
\author[6]{Matthew Forister}%
\author[7]{Samridhi Chaturvedi}%
\affil[1]{Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University}%
\affil[2]{Harvard Medical School}%
\affil[3]{University of Wyoming}%
\affil[4]{University of Nevada Reno}%
\affil[5]{Utah State University}%
\affil[6]{University of Nevada, Reno}%
\affil[7]{Tulane University}%


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  \date{March 13, 2025}


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\begin{abstract}
Insect immune response plays a crucial role in how external threats
influence overall fitness through life history traits. An understudied
question is how the use of different host plants might affect the
ability of herbivorous insects to resist viral pathogens. The Melissa
blue butterfly (Lycaeides melissa) has colonized the exotic legume
Medicago sativa as a larval host within the past 200 years. Here we
investigate how novel host plant use affects the immune response of L.
melissa when infected with the lepidopteran virus, Junonia coenia
densovirus (JcDV). We measured immune strength in response to JcDV in
two ways: 1) direct measurement of phenoloxidase activity and
melanization, and 2) transcriptional sequencing of individuals exposed
to different viral and host plant treatments. Viral infection caused
total phenoloxidase (total PO) to increase. We detected an interaction
between viral infection and host plant for total PO: for control larvae,
host plant use had no effect on total PO, whereas for infected larvae,
total PO was significantly higher for larvae consuming the native host.
Within the exotic host plant treatment, few genes were differentially
regulated due to viral infection. Approximately two times more genes
were differentially regulated in response to infection for larvae eating
the native or exotic host, with differential expression of few putative
immune genes. These results demonstrate that consumption of a novel host
plant can alter both physiological and transcriptional responses to
infection, emphasizing the importance of understanding diet when
studying the molecular basis of immune function.%
\end{abstract}%



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