Introduction
Achalasia results from the degeneration of inhibitory ganglion cells
within the esophageal myenteric plexus and the lower esophageal
sphincter (LES), leading to a loss of inhibitory neurons and resulting
in the absence of peristalsis with failure of LES relaxation. Its
origins are multifactorial, potentially involving infections, autoimmune
responses, and genetics, with equal incidence in males and females. The
hallmark symptom symptoms include progressive dysphagia for solids and
liquids, along with regurgitation, heartburn, and non-cardiac chest
pain.