Methods
Eligibility Criteria We reviewed articles regarding the treatment of recurrent or persistent OSA which we defined as residual disease after complete or partial tonsillectomy with or without adenoidectomy, as determined by overnight PSG. We also included surgically naïve pediatric patients with small Brodski 1+ tonsils on exam with PSG-confirmed OSA. We defined tongue surgery as surgery addressing the posterior or base of tongue, lingual tonsils, suprahyoid epiglottis, or hyoid bone or musculature. Studies including multi-level upper airway surgery involving the tongue were included.
Articles were included if they:
1) reported on pediatric patients under 18 years of age who underwent DISE for recurrent or persistent OSA confirmed on PSG;
2) contained pre- and post-operative PSG data regarding DISE-directed tongue surgery;
3) contained an abstract;
4) were published in English;
5) were not classified as review articles or consensus statements.