Spatiotemporal pattern of the fungal community
In terms of alpha diversity, the observed OTU richness in the
phyllosphere, rhizosphere, rhizoplane, and soil compartments were
roughly equal, while the leaf endosphere showed significantly higher
alpha diversity in Banna compared to Hainan, while the root endosphere
exhibited the opposite trend (Figure S5a, Table S1). When considering
the seasonal effect, the observed OTU richness of bacterial communities
in the leaf endosphere (P <0.01), root endosphere
(P <0.05), and rhizoplane (P <0.01) were significantly
higher during the rainy season compared to the dry season (Figure S5b,
Table S1). However, when analyzing the seasonal effect separately,
distinct patterns were observed. In Banna, the alpha diversity of all
compartments was significantly higher during the rainy season compared
to the dry season. In Hainan, although the alpha diversity of the root
endosphere and rhizoplane were similar between the rainy and dry
seasons, and the leaf endosphere showed significantly higher alpha
diversity during the rainy season, the phyllosphere, rhizosphere, and
soil compartments exhibited significantly higher alpha diversity during
the dry season. Overall, the trend in alpha diversity was higher in the
dry season compared to the rainy season in Hainan (Figure 3a).
When analyzing the microbial composition based on the Bray-Curtis
distance, we observed that geographical location had a significant
effect on the beta diversity of fungal communities in all compartments
(P <0.01), while seasonal effects were not significant (Figure
3). For instance, geographical location accounted for 6.62%, 7.35%,
9.13%, 8.07%, 17.67%, and 18.78% of the variation in the soil,
rhizosphere, rhizoplane, root endosphere, phyllosphere, and leaf
endosphere, respectively. Additionally, we observed a much greater
effect of site variation compared to seasonal variation in all
compartments (Figure S6). In summary, our findings indicate that
geographical location/site has a significant impact on fungal
composition, while season does not.