Variable Measure Source
Dependent Variables Quality of Care Overall Quality Star Rating Center for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS)
Patient Satisfaction Hospital Consumer Assessment of Healthcare Providers and Systems (HCAHPS) survey – Overall Star Rating Center for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS)
Independent Variables Patient Engagement Whether a hospital has an established patient and family advisory council (PFAC) American Hospital Association (AHA) Hospital Survey
Physical Resource Total fixed asset (logged) RAND Hospital Data
Financial Resource Net patient revenue (logged) RAND Hospital Data
Human Resource Number of full-time equivalent physicians and dentists (per bed) American Hospital Association (AHA) Hospital Survey
Number of full-time equivalent registered nurses (per bed) American Hospital Association (AHA) Hospital Survey
Social and Institutional Resource Percentage of minority (non-white) population U.S. Census
Control Variables Hospital Size Number of beds (logged) American Hospital Association (AHA) Hospital Survey
Teaching Affiliation Status Whether a hospital is a major or minor teaching affiliation hospital RAND Hospital Data
Medicare Discharge (%) Percentage of Medicare discharge RAND Hospital Data
Medicaid Discharge (%) Percentage of Medicaid discharge RAND Hospital Data
Community Demand for Financial Assistance Unreimbursed and uncompensated care costs (logged, except charity care) RAND Hospital Data
Case Mix Index (CMI) Case Mix Index RAND Hospital Data
Total Population Number of population in a county (logged) U.S. Census
Population over 65 Years Old (%) Percentage of the population aged over 65 in a county U.S. Census
Personal Income per capita personal income in a county U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis
Uninsured rate (%) Percentage of uninsured population in a county U.S. Census
Note: All variables measured in dollar amounts are converted to 2018 real value using the Consumer Price Index (CPI)