Stimulatory effect of flight-training across multiple tissues (H1c)
Lipid hydroperoxide concentration in the liver was lowest in flight-trained birds compared to untrained birds at RC (Fig. 4A; T93 = 1.253, P < 0.001). There were no differences in lipid hydroperoxide concentration in the pectoralis (Fig. 4A; T95 = 1.000, P = 0.108) or in plasma d-ROM levels (Table S2; T88 = 2.120, P = 0.107) at RC between flight-trained and untrained birds. Antioxidant capacity was also not affected by 15 days of flight training in the plasma (Table S2; RC, T89 = 1.102, P = 0.274), liver (Fig. 4B, Table S4; Hydroxyl, T92 = -0.744, P = 0.459, Peroxyl, T92 = -1.501, P = 0.137), or pectoralis (Fig. 4B, Table S4; Hydroxyl, T92 = -1.939, P = 0.056, Peroxyl, T96 = 0.683, P = 0.496). These lipid damage results provide evidence for the stimulatory effect of flight-training (H1c) in the liver but not in the pectoralis or plasma, whereas there is no evidence for such a stimulatory effect on antioxidant capacity.