Figure 5 (a) Percentage of variation (β-diversity: Bray-Curtis dissimilarity) explained by local environment and connectivity to the river in three seasons. (b) Proportion of the variation explained by each variable over all explained variations. (c) CCA plot, showing the correspondence (~influence) of local environmental factors (blue arrows; cf. Table S1) with the benthic macroinvertebrate and amphibian assemblages (dots) in autumn. The colours of dots represent connectivity categories of respective sites, showing no significant effect of the connectivity category on the assemblages. Four black letters show species plots. Full taxonomic names of the abbreviations are in Table S5. The analysis was significant overall atF 9,12=1.56, P = 0.038 (permutation test for CCA).