c
Figure 2
(a) Locations of study sites along the Butokamabetsu River, Hokkaido, Japan. Sampling was conducted at 25 paleo- and extant- side channels of the Butokamabetsu River. Sampling sites were categorized in four hydrological connectivity groups based on presence/absence of flow at flood peak, flood recession timing, and presence of flow at low flow (represented by the colours). (b) Seasonal change in the discharge of the Butokamabetsu River from April to December 2021. (Data provided by Hokkaido electric power company). The three triangles indicate the timings of spring, summer, and autumn surveys. The bands at the bottom show the hydrological connectivity of each habitat category across seasons; gray indicates ‘ice covered’, black indicates ‘flowing’, and white indicates ‘no flow’.