11institutetext: Knowledge-based Systems and Document Processing Research Group Faculty of Computer Science Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg 11email: katrin.krieger@ovgu.de
1. INTRODUCTION
Selection of suitable habitats is a critical process for animal survival and reproduction (Danchin et al., 1998). Habitat quality significantly influences resource utilization among species, as resources are often unevenly distributed, compelling all species to compete for the most suitable habitats to maximize resource acquisition (Paterson et al., 2018). Consequently, the factors shaping wildlife habitat selection are complex, encompassing both biotic and abiotic elements (Reunanen et al., 2002). These factors may arise from distinct physiological structures or phenotypic adaptations, including the intricate interplay between structure and function (Kaliontzopoulou et al., 2010; Popova et al., 2021). They also encompass dynamics of inter- and intraspecific competition, anti-predator behavior, and external forces such as seasonal changes or initiation of breeding seasons (Seki et al., 2022; Li et al., 2022; Bergstrom et al., 2019). Thus, habitat characteristics affecting fitness may vary spatially or temporally depending upon the phenotype of individuals or prevailing environmental conditions (Delaney et al., 2016).
Sexual dimorphism often leads to distinct habitat preferences among individuals due to physiological disparities and variations in life history strategies (Boinski, 1988; Calsbeek, 2009). Males typically exhibit greater habitat flexibility, investing more in selecting habitats suitable for social displays or territorial defense (Gabbert et al., 1999; Delaney et al., 2016). Conversely, females typically prioritize habitats with reduced security threats and enhanced predation avoidance strategies, with a preference for habitats conducive to oviposition, parturition escape, and concealment (Hahn et al., 2006; Kidawa et al., 2011). Optimal habitat for pregnant and lactating females is characterized by lower predator presence and abundant food resources, crucial for promoting reproductive success and offspring fitness (Bongi et al., 2008; Rachlow et al., 1998). McLoughlin et al. (2002) found that female barren-ground grizzly bears (Ursus arctos ) favor riparian habitats with tall shrubs and eskers, known for their abundant food resources, while females with cubs prefer less threatening tussock or hummock successional tundra, despite lower food availability, due to reduced predation risks.
Differential habitat selection can also result from varying resource needs across different developmental stages, leading to distinct patterns of selection (Barten et al., 2001). Adults typically prioritize habitats that facilitate sexual communication and territorial defense, essential for breeding (Boinski, 1988). In contrast, juveniles often seek out locations with reduced competition and increased food availability to optimize their growth (Zhu et al., 2015). Kearney et al. (2007) observed that adult swamp rats (Rattus lutreolus ) prefer densely vegetated areas for effective concealment during foraging, while juveniles tend to select sparsely vegetated habitats to minimize interspecific competition. Furthermore, juveniles tend to favor sheltered locations to reduce predation risks, given their limited defensive capabilities and smaller size (Faegre, 2017). Li et al (2022) found that juvenile black-necked cranes (Grus nigricollis ) primarily inhabit lakes situated near mountain ranges, benefiting from abundant water and vegetation resources that offer ample food and refuge.
Extensive research has been conducted on habitat selection in animals, including lizards. However, most previous studies have focused on single aspects, such as sex or age-related differences in habitat selection, rather than considering a comprehensive range of factors (AlRashidi et al., 2021; Lortie et al., 2020; Zhu et al., 2015). The mountain dragon (Diploderma splendidum ) serves as a notable case study in habitat selection due to its dense distribution, pronounced sexual and age-related variation, and consistent activity patterns. In the study, we quantified the specific habitat preferences of D. splendidum across different sex and age groups from multiple perspectives to elucidate their unique ecological requirements and analyze the key factors influencing the distribution in diverse habitats. This research not only enhances our understanding of the factors shaping organismal distribution across landscapes, but also provides robust theoretical support and scientific guidance for wildlife conservation efforts and habitat restoration in the Jinsha River Basin.