11institutetext:
Knowledge-based Systems and Document Processing Research Group
Faculty of Computer Science
Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg
11email: katrin.krieger@ovgu.de
1. INTRODUCTION
Selection of suitable habitats is a critical process for animal survival
and reproduction (Danchin et al., 1998). Habitat quality significantly
influences resource utilization among species, as resources are often
unevenly distributed, compelling all species to compete for the most
suitable habitats to maximize resource acquisition (Paterson et al.,
2018). Consequently, the factors shaping wildlife habitat selection are
complex, encompassing both biotic and abiotic elements (Reunanen et al.,
2002). These factors may arise from distinct physiological structures or
phenotypic adaptations, including the intricate interplay between
structure and function (Kaliontzopoulou et al., 2010; Popova et al.,
2021). They also encompass dynamics of inter- and intraspecific
competition, anti-predator behavior, and external forces such as
seasonal changes or initiation of breeding seasons (Seki et al., 2022;
Li et al., 2022; Bergstrom et al., 2019). Thus, habitat characteristics
affecting fitness may vary spatially or temporally depending upon the
phenotype of individuals or prevailing environmental conditions (Delaney
et al., 2016).
Sexual dimorphism often leads to distinct habitat preferences among
individuals due to physiological disparities and variations in life
history strategies (Boinski, 1988; Calsbeek, 2009). Males typically
exhibit greater habitat flexibility, investing more in selecting
habitats suitable for social displays or territorial defense (Gabbert et
al., 1999; Delaney et al., 2016). Conversely, females typically
prioritize habitats with reduced security threats and enhanced predation
avoidance strategies, with a preference for habitats conducive to
oviposition, parturition escape, and concealment (Hahn et al., 2006;
Kidawa et al., 2011). Optimal habitat for pregnant and lactating females
is characterized by lower predator presence and abundant food resources,
crucial for promoting reproductive success and offspring fitness (Bongi
et al., 2008; Rachlow et al., 1998). McLoughlin et al. (2002) found that
female barren-ground grizzly bears (Ursus arctos ) favor riparian
habitats with tall shrubs and eskers, known for their abundant food
resources, while females with cubs prefer less threatening tussock or
hummock successional tundra, despite lower food availability, due to
reduced predation risks.
Differential habitat selection can also result from varying resource
needs across different developmental stages, leading to distinct
patterns of selection (Barten et al., 2001). Adults typically prioritize
habitats that facilitate sexual communication and territorial defense,
essential for breeding (Boinski, 1988). In contrast, juveniles often
seek out locations with reduced competition and increased food
availability to optimize their growth (Zhu et al., 2015). Kearney et al.
(2007) observed that adult swamp rats (Rattus lutreolus ) prefer
densely vegetated areas for effective concealment during foraging, while
juveniles tend to select sparsely vegetated habitats to minimize
interspecific competition. Furthermore, juveniles tend to favor
sheltered locations to reduce predation risks, given their limited
defensive capabilities and smaller size (Faegre, 2017). Li et al (2022)
found that juvenile black-necked cranes (Grus nigricollis )
primarily inhabit lakes situated near mountain ranges, benefiting from
abundant water and vegetation resources that offer ample food and
refuge.
Extensive research has been conducted on habitat selection in animals,
including lizards. However, most previous studies have focused on single
aspects, such as sex or age-related differences in habitat selection,
rather than considering a comprehensive range of factors (AlRashidi et
al., 2021; Lortie et al., 2020; Zhu et al., 2015). The mountain dragon
(Diploderma splendidum ) serves as a notable case study in habitat
selection due to its dense distribution, pronounced sexual and
age-related variation, and consistent activity patterns. In the
study, we quantified the specific habitat preferences of D. splendidum
across different sex and age groups from multiple perspectives to
elucidate their unique ecological requirements and analyze the key
factors influencing the distribution in diverse habitats. This research
not only enhances our understanding of the factors shaping organismal
distribution across landscapes, but also provides robust
theoretical support and scientific guidance for wildlife conservation
efforts and habitat restoration in the Jinsha River Basin.