Simple model
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2D cell lines
|
Easy accessibility, simple cultivation
Stable reproducibility
Low cost
|
Lack of 3D organization
Loss of characteristics during passage
|
Tumor heterogeneity reflection
Drug sensitivity assays
|
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3D tumor spheroids
|
3D cancer cell growth
High throughput
|
Disability of self-organization
Monotypic cells
|
Cell origin detection
Drug sensitivity assays
|
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Patient-derived organoids
|
3D cancer cell growth
Self-organization capacity
Genetic heterogeneity recapitulation
|
Low success rate of establishment
Absence of TME
|
1. Cell origin study
2. Genetic mutation detection
3. Drug screening
|
Complicated model
|
2D co-culture
|
Coexistence of cancerous and non-cancerous cells
Convenience and ease
|
Absence of spatial structure
Inaccurate genetic alternation
False drug sensitivity results
|
Direct contact interaction between cells
Soluble factor’s function
Extracellular matrix modeling
Drug sensitivity assays
|
|
Spheroids based co-culture
|
3D interaction between heterotypic cells
Stable accessibility and cost
effectiveness
|
Disability of self-organization
Lack of genetic heterogeneity in the model
|
3D extracellular matrix modeling
Stromal and immune microenvironment modeling
Bone metastatic environment modeling
Drug sensitivity assays
|
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Organoids based co-culture
|
Modeling heterogenic tumors with the presence of other TME components
Self-organization capacity
Tumorigenesis recapitulation
Reliable drug screening results
|
Low success rate of establishment
Difficult passage
High expense
|
Extracellular matrix study
Stromal microenvironment modelling
Precision medicine
|
|
Microfluidic based system
|
Modeling physiological factors
Mimicking peripheral circulation
|
High expense
|
Physiological factor’s function
High throughput drug screening
|
|
Tissue slice culture
|
Local microenvironment preservation
Patient characteristics maintain
Feasible for spatial transcriptomic study
|
Short viable time
Difficult to study cell interactions
Low reproducibility
|
Drug sensitivity assay
Spatial transcriptomic analysis
|
Future perspectives
|
ALI-PDO
|
Co-culture of epithelial and non-epithelial cell populations at the
beginning
Tumorigenesis recapitulation
|
Low success rate of establishment
Difficult passage
|
TME modelling
Drug screening
Precision medicine
|
|
Organoids-on-a-chip
|
Pathophysiological factors
Modeling interactions between organs
|
The low success rate of establishment
High expense
|
High throughput drug screening
Precision medicine
|