In vitro PCa models Advantages Limitations Applications
Simple model 2D cell lines Easy accessibility, simple cultivation Stable reproducibility Low cost Lack of 3D organization Loss of characteristics during passage Tumor heterogeneity reflection Drug sensitivity assays
3D tumor spheroids 3D cancer cell growth High throughput Disability of self-organization Monotypic cells Cell origin detection Drug sensitivity assays
Patient-derived organoids 3D cancer cell growth Self-organization capacity Genetic heterogeneity recapitulation Low success rate of establishment Absence of TME 1. Cell origin study 2. Genetic mutation detection 3. Drug screening
Complicated model 2D co-culture Coexistence of cancerous and non-cancerous cells Convenience and ease Absence of spatial structure Inaccurate genetic alternation False drug sensitivity results Direct contact interaction between cells Soluble factor’s function Extracellular matrix modeling Drug sensitivity assays
Spheroids based co-culture 3D interaction between heterotypic cells Stable accessibility and cost effectiveness Disability of self-organization Lack of genetic heterogeneity in the model 3D extracellular matrix modeling Stromal and immune microenvironment modeling Bone metastatic environment modeling Drug sensitivity assays
Organoids based co-culture Modeling heterogenic tumors with the presence of other TME components Self-organization capacity Tumorigenesis recapitulation Reliable drug screening results Low success rate of establishment Difficult passage High expense Extracellular matrix study Stromal microenvironment modelling Precision medicine
Microfluidic based system Modeling physiological factors Mimicking peripheral circulation High expense Physiological factor’s function High throughput drug screening
Tissue slice culture Local microenvironment preservation Patient characteristics maintain Feasible for spatial transcriptomic study Short viable time Difficult to study cell interactions Low reproducibility Drug sensitivity assay Spatial transcriptomic analysis
Future perspectives ALI-PDO Co-culture of epithelial and non-epithelial cell populations at the beginning Tumorigenesis recapitulation Low success rate of establishment Difficult passage TME modelling Drug screening Precision medicine
Organoids-on-a-chip Pathophysiological factors Modeling interactions between organs The low success rate of establishment High expense High throughput drug screening Precision medicine