The test battery recommended for NM assessment uses all in vitro mammalian systems, without bacterial mutagenicity, without animals unless there is clear evidence of animal-specific effects.
Figure 3. Nanomaterial roadmap: Genotoxicity test battery for nanomaterials (Toxicological Sciences, 164, 2018, p.393], with permission.
After describing what was wrong with the literature, we published 4 papers from HESI describing how genotoxicity assays should be conducted using OECD credentialed assays altered for assessment of NM (Figure 4).