Accidental vs. Abusive Head Trauma in Infancy: Is Revival
Shaking the Missing Link?
I wish to comment on the recent case report from Brook, Squier, and
Mack,1 which describes an infant who was found to have
bilateral subdural hemorrhage and extensive bilateral retinal hemorrhage
(RH) after a short fall with occipital impact that was captured on
surveillance video. The authors attribute all of the hemorrhagic
findings to the fall, which occurred less than 24 hours prior to fundus
examination and CT imaging. RHs were documented with a detailed
description including drawings made by the examining ophthalmologist.
The baby appeared to have made a full neurologic recovery within days of
injury.
The ophthalmologist’s description, to my reading of the handwritten note
reproduced in Figure 3 of the report, includes the following
observations: “… Large macular intraretinal (? preretinal)
hemorrhage both eyes across macula. Almost all intraretinal dot blot +
preretinal. Nil [illegible] flame hemorrhages seen. … A) Lack
of superficial flame hemorrhages indicates insult/injury likely to be\(\geq\) 1 week ago. B) Need to document resolution of hemorrhages to
better confirm timing of injury”. It is further noted, with an arrow
pointing to the structure in question (described in text as “a retinal
fold along the inferior arcade of the right eye”), “? fold ? older
schisis”.
In the text it is subsequently stated “The IRHs resolved slowly, still
present 1 week later”, followed by the comment “This indicates that
the RHs occurred around the time of the fall and, given the changes to
the state of the infant caused by the fall, it is reasonable to
attribute the RHs to the fall”. While not directly contradicted by the
facts as presented, I do not believe this conclusion is warranted based
on the reported findings and their evolution, particularly given the
history of a possible seizure weeks and a prior fall days before the
documented incident, and head images that appear to be consistent with
the chronic presence of at least a portion of the extra-axial fluid
collections they demonstrate. Acuteness of RH onset would in fact have
been better supported by disappearance of most of them after 1 week,
rather than the observed persistence.2 The authors
have not, in my opinion, adequately established either the very recent
onset of extensive retinal hemorrhage, or the presence of a retinal fold
typical of acute traumatic retinoschisis.3,4
A further concern, which relates more generally to the question of
whether short falls can duplicate the clinico-pathologic picture that is
widely ascribed to abusive head trauma: We are given no information
about what may have transpired immediately after the recorded incident.
The video ends abruptly with the infant lying still on the floor. There
is no indication of the immediate response of his caregivers. The mother
“collected” him after an unspecified interval, finding him “floppy”
and “unresponsive”. There was more than sufficient opportunity and
reason to suspect the baby may have been subjected to “revival
shaking” at the hands of one of the adults in whose care he remained
until delivered to a hospital by his mother.5
Since the earliest descriptions of shaken baby syndrome, the literature
has been replete with histories of shaking done by a caregiver intent on
helping a baby found unconscious or in acute
distress.3,6,7 A recent comprehensive review of
confessions in presumed shaking injury cases confirmed that the second
most commonly described scenario was attempted revival or relief from
distress (31%, vs. incessant crying in 60%).8Despite their pervasiveness and persistence, such narratives have,
especially in more recent years, tended to be dismissed as fabricated or
irrelevant.9 There is, however, no sound empirical
basis for this view.
All available evidence is in fact consistent with the possibility that a
nearby adult can, with only good intentions, administer a succession of
brisk shakes to an infant who has been momentarily incapacitated (by a
blow to the head, choking, seizure, apneic episode, or other ALTE-type
event) that will cause the “triad” associated with many cases of
abusive head trauma: retinal hemorrhage, intracranial hemorrhage, and
encephalopathy (now regarded by some as a consequence of anoxic brain
damage caused by apnea secondary to less-than-extreme kinking or
stretching of the lower brainstem or cervical cord/nerve
roots).10,11
Furthermore, the possibility cannot be discounted that brief shaking, in
a moment of panic or confusion, may fail to be reported or even recalled
(as an action distinct from inexpertly performed CPR) by the perpetrator
or eyewitnesses. (Caffey, in his seminal 1972 paper, described
“traumatic amnesia” on the part of those involved toward such
impulsive and perhaps instinctual behavior.12) This
could truly be the “missing link” that has long blurred the boundary
between accidental and inflicted head injuries in infancy.
It would be of enormous importance if there were additional video in
this case that shows a caregiver shaking the baby in an attempt at
revival. Presuming such is not the case, I believe that for this or any
short fall in infancy, or other apparently minor head trauma, to be
conclusively identified as the cause of the AHT-linked triad (or two of
its components), there must be continuous video documentation from the
moment of injury until transfer to the care of EMS or other professional
support, to exclude the possibility that the infant was shaken in the
course of innocent but inappropriate resuscitation efforts.
The authors’ contribution to the knowledge foundation of infant head
trauma is welcome, but their work as presented does little to clarify
the pathogenesis of ocular or cerebral hemorrhage in victims.
Mark J. Greenwald, MD
Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science
University of Chicago
Chicago, Illinois
REFERENCES
- Brook C, Squier W, Mack J. 26-cm fall caught on video causing subdural
hemorrhages and extensive retinal hemorrhages in an 8-month-old
infant. Clin Case Rep. 2024;12:e9105. doi:10.1002/ccr3.9105
- Binenbaum G, Chen W, Huang J, Ying GS, Forbes BJ. The natural history
of retinal hemorrhage in pediatric head trauma. J AAPOS.
2016;20(2):131-135. doi:10.1016/j.jaapos.2015.12.008
- Greenwald MJ, Weiss A, Oesterle CS, Friendly DS. Traumatic
retinoschisis in battered babies. Ophthalmology.1986;93:618-625.
- Massicotte SJ, Folberg R, Torczynski E, Gilliland MGF, Luckenbach MW.
Vitreoretinal traction and perimacular retinal folds in the eyes of
deliberately traumatized children. Ophthalmology.
1991;98:1124-1127.
- Greenwald MJ. SBS and SIDS. Ann Emerg Med. 1984;13:1080.
- Guthkelch AN. Infantile subdural haematoma and its relationship to
whiplash injuries. Br Med J. 1971;2:430-431.
- Ludwig S, Warman M. Shaken baby syndrome: A review of 20 cases.Ann Emerg Med. 1984;13:104-107.
- Edwards GA, Maguire SA, Gaither JR, Leventhal JM. What do confessions
reveal about abusive head trauma? A systematic review. Child
Abuse Rev. 2020;29:253-268. doi:10.1002/car.2627
- Adamsbaum C, Grabar S, Mejean N, Rey-Salmon C. Abusive head trauma:
Judicial admissions highlight violent and repetitive shaking.Pediatrics 2010;126:546-555. doi:10.1542/peds.2009-3647
- Geddes JF, Vowles GH, Hackshaw AK, Nickols CD, Scott IS, Whitwell HL.
Neuropathology of inflicted head injury in children. II. Microscopic
brain injury in infants. Brain. 2001;124:1299-1306.
- Matshes EW, Evans RM, Pinckard JK, Joseph JT, Lew EO. Shaken infants
die of neck trauma, not of brain trauma. Acad Forensic Pathol.2011;1(1):82-91.
- Caffey J. On the theory and practice of shaking infants. Its potential
residual effects of permanent brain damage and mental retardation.Am J Dis Child. 1972;124(2):161-169.
September 10, 2024