This study presents a systematic review of 89 blockchain-related publications from 2003 to 2024. Utilizing Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) topic modeling, we identified seven primary research themes: blockchain platforms, smart contracts, decentralized applications (DApps), consensus mechanisms, security and privacy, scalability, and blockchain governance. We explore the relationships among these themes and propose a conceptual framework for the blockchain ecosystem. The analysis reveals that blockchain technology is rapidly evolving but faces scalability, security, and regulatory challenges. We suggest future research directions, including cross-chain technology, integration with emerging technologies, and user experience optimization.