Abstract
Counting the number of people in a room is crucial for efficiently
running smart buildings. It helps optimize space use, save energy,
enhance security, and ensure occupant comfort. By knowing occupancy
levels, businesses can better manage resources and reduce costs and
environmental impact. Radar-based occupancy estimation is gaining
attention in the scientific community due to its unobtrusive form of
measurement which also avoids the privacy concerns associated with video
imaging-based sensors. Prior research mostly focused on testing the
feasibility of finding the correlation between the time-frequency mapped
radar-reflected echoes with the number of people in a room. This paper
proposes the utilization of a 24-GHz CW radar, leveraged with
time-frequency mapping techniques using Continuous Wavelet Transform
(CWT) and power spectrum, to estimate human occupants. We utilized the
time-frequency mapped scalogram images to train deep-learning models
named DarkNet19, MobileNetV2, and ResNet18. Repeated measurements were
carried out for about 4 hours and 40 minutes on different days,
capturing data from varying numbers of occupant groups with sedentary
positions (ranging from 1 to 7 occupants). The collected data was
segmented using a 10-second window, resulting in a total of 1680 images
of radar-reflected echoes of different occupants. Experimental results
demonstrated that ‘DarkNet19’ superseded the other networks, achieving
an accuracy of 92.7% on the CWT dataset and 92.3% on the power
spectrum dataset. These findings suggest that Doppler radar
time-frequency mapped images of reflected echoes with deep learning
integration can be considered an effective solution for occupant
counting in smart building applications.