The analyses of variation partitioning were consistent with the partial Mantel tests and distance-based RDA that showed significant correlation and linear relationships between honey composition and phylogenetic and ecological dissimilarities respectively at both global and continental scale (Supplementary Table 4). The only exception was the absence of significant correlation between honey composition and ecological dissimilarities at the global and Afrotropical levels. Mantel correlogram (Fig. 5) showed that the correlations with ecological drivers were significant for samples collected in similar environment while correlation with phylogeny was significant for a larger range of distances.