not-yet-known not-yet-known not-yet-known unknown Study Area Muheza District is located in northeastern Tanzania and consists of a population heavily reliant on agriculture and livestock. The district was selected based on its agroecological zones (lowland, midland, highland) to capture a broad representation of rodents, cattle, and humans interacting in various environmental conditions. A random selection of villages and hospitals was conducted to ensure comprehensive sampling across the district. Figure 1 Map of Muheza districts, Tanga region, Tanzania showing the study sites Reference: QGIS. 3.34.1-Prizren; EPSG: 4326- WGS 84.