Acknowledgment
We express our deepest gratitude to Professor Na Li and Professor Yan Zhang from the Department of Anesthesiology at Changhai Hospital for their invaluable guidance in the smoke model and analysis. Special thanks to Dr. Shiqiang Yan from the Second People’s Hospital of Shenzhen for his valuable suggestions in constructing the high-throughput lung chips. Lastly, we are immensely grateful to Professor Li Wang from Fudan University for her tremendous support in this project.