2.13 TUNEL and ROS assays
Apoptotic cells were identified via TUNEL using a One Step TUNEL
Apoptosis Assay Kit (C1088, Beyotime, China), while ROS detection was
performed using the Reactive Oxygen Species Assay Kit (S0033M, Beyotime,
China). Detailed protocols for these assays can be found in the
manufacturer’s instruction manual. Following the aforementioned
procedures, the samples were observed under a fluorescence microscope
and images were captured. Subsequently, the obtained images were
quantified using image analysis software, specifically ImageJ.