2.13 TUNEL and ROS assays
Apoptotic cells were identified via TUNEL using a One Step TUNEL Apoptosis Assay Kit (C1088, Beyotime, China), while ROS detection was performed using the Reactive Oxygen Species Assay Kit (S0033M, Beyotime, China). Detailed protocols for these assays can be found in the manufacturer’s instruction manual. Following the aforementioned procedures, the samples were observed under a fluorescence microscope and images were captured. Subsequently, the obtained images were quantified using image analysis software, specifically ImageJ.