not-yet-known not-yet-known not-yet-known unknown 2.6 Cell viability assay Cell survival was quantified using a live/dead staining protocol. A solution of Calcein-AM and PI (Beyotime, China) in a 1:1 volume ratio with PBS was applied to the cells post PBS rinse. The stained cells in the chip chambers were incubated for 15 minutes at 37°C before being examined under a fluorescence microscope—live cells fluoresced green, dead cells red. Image J software was utilized to analyze the fluorescence and assess viability.