2.1 Control and biosecurity measures
E. coli can spread between flocks mainly through dirty hatching
eggs, so preventing contamination is crucial. Key steps include
collecting eggs often, discarding damaged or soiled ones, and
disinfecting eggs within two hours of laying. Cleaning the egg surface
and using electrostatic sprayers can help reduce bacteria. UV light can
kill E. coli without harming the eggs. Handling eggs carefully is
important, as broken eggs can contaminate others. Good airflow in
incubators and avoiding cross-contamination are also important. Chicks
that may carry E. coli should be kept warm and fed by
hand.4,5 To control APEC infections in poultry,
several strategies are essential. Antibiotics and vaccines are commonly
used, but newer options like probiotics and bacteriophages are being
explored. Other innovative treatments such as immune stimulants,
virulence inhibitors, and antimicrobial peptides target the bacteria
directly or strengthen the chicken’s natural defenses. Minimizing stress
in poultry is crucial—keeping ammonia and dust levels low, providing
good airflow, and maintaining comfortable temperature, humidity, and
space helps birds stay healthier. Vaccinating against certain diseases
and ensuring balanced nutrition also boosts immunity, further protecting
chickens from infection.1,6 To prevent vertical APEC
transmission in poultry breeding, breeders focus on developing resistant
breeds, ensuring clean hatching eggs, and avoiding the use of eggs laid
on the floor. Horizontal transmission is managed through controlled
production cycles, removing weak chicks early, and maintaining rigorous
sanitation. Strong biosecurity is vital—this includes chlorinating
feed and water, disinfecting poultry houses and equipment, and
restricting entry points for potential carriers like houseflies, wild
birds, and rodents to keep APEC out of
facilities.1,6,7