2.1 Control and biosecurity measures
E. coli can spread between flocks mainly through dirty hatching eggs, so preventing contamination is crucial. Key steps include collecting eggs often, discarding damaged or soiled ones, and disinfecting eggs within two hours of laying. Cleaning the egg surface and using electrostatic sprayers can help reduce bacteria. UV light can kill E. coli without harming the eggs. Handling eggs carefully is important, as broken eggs can contaminate others. Good airflow in incubators and avoiding cross-contamination are also important. Chicks that may carry E. coli should be kept warm and fed by hand.4,5 To control APEC infections in poultry, several strategies are essential. Antibiotics and vaccines are commonly used, but newer options like probiotics and bacteriophages are being explored. Other innovative treatments such as immune stimulants, virulence inhibitors, and antimicrobial peptides target the bacteria directly or strengthen the chicken’s natural defenses. Minimizing stress in poultry is crucial—keeping ammonia and dust levels low, providing good airflow, and maintaining comfortable temperature, humidity, and space helps birds stay healthier. Vaccinating against certain diseases and ensuring balanced nutrition also boosts immunity, further protecting chickens from infection.1,6 To prevent vertical APEC transmission in poultry breeding, breeders focus on developing resistant breeds, ensuring clean hatching eggs, and avoiding the use of eggs laid on the floor. Horizontal transmission is managed through controlled production cycles, removing weak chicks early, and maintaining rigorous sanitation. Strong biosecurity is vital—this includes chlorinating feed and water, disinfecting poultry houses and equipment, and restricting entry points for potential carriers like houseflies, wild birds, and rodents to keep APEC out of facilities.1,6,7