Author Solution Used Immersion time Notes
Abdollahifar et al. (2023) NaCl - The concentration of NaCl in the discharging solution was not disclosed.
Amalia et al. (2023) 10 wt. % NaCl, 10 wt. % NaOH 20 h The reliability of the voltage measurements was questioned because of the corrosion of the battery terminals.
Anwani, et al. (2020) 10 wt. % NaCl - -
Bi, et al. (2020) 5 wt. % NaCl 3 h -
Chen, et al. (2018) 10 wt. % NaCl 36 h -
Chen, et al. (2021) 0.5 M Ca(Ac)2 12 h The dissolved fluorine ions would precipitate as CaF2
dos Santos, et al. (2021) 0.1 M NaCl 0.2 M MgSO4*7H2O -
Fan, et al. (2020) NaCl - The concentration of NaCl in the discharging solution was not disclosed.
Fang, et al. (2022) 0.8 M NaCl, 0. 8 M MnSO4, 0.8 M FeSO4, 0.8 M KAc, 0.8 M Zn(Ac)2 24 h The stability of the cells was tested with a nail penetration test, and results were favourable for all solutions. There was severe corrosion from the NaCl solution and the MnSO4 solution had deposition which prevented discharging. KAc gave very low discharge rates. The two best solutions were FeSO4 and Zn(Ac)2, with the Zn(Ac)2 solution showing the least corrosion.
Fathima et al. (2024) 10 wt. % brine 24 h The salt used in the brine solution was not disclosed.
Fu, et al. (2021) 10 wt. % NaCl 24 h
Guan, et al. (2017) NaCl - The concentration of NaCl in the discharging solution was not disclosed.
He, et al. (2015) 5 wt. % NaCl 24 h
He, et al. (2017) 5 wt. % NaCl -
He et al. (2017b) () 5 wt. % NaCl 24 h
Huang, et al. (2018) 5 wt. % NaCl 3 h
Jafari, et al. (2020) 5 wt. % NaCl 5 mins Claimed that a “complete discharge” was achieved in this short period of immersion
Jena, et al. (2024) 5 wt. % NaCl -
Li, et al. (2016a) 5 wt. % NaCl 24h
Li, et al. (2016b) Pure water, 5, 10 and 20 wt. % NaCl 24.33 h at 293 K
Li, et al. (2018) Saturated Na2SO4 -
Li, et al. (2019) NaCl - The production of HF and salt impurities was recognised. The concentration of NaCl in the discharging solution was not disclosed.
Liu et al. (2024) 5 M NaCl 24 h The cells were added at a ratio of 50ml of discharge solution per g of cell.
Lu, et al. (2013) 1, 5 and 10 wt. % NaCl 70 minutes The 1 wt. % solution did not corrode the case, but the higher concentrations corroded the case, causing a leak of LiPF6 into the discharging solution.
Lu, et al. (2019) 1, 5 and 10 wt. % NaCl - The 1 wt. % NaCl concentration prevents leakage from the case. The discharged batteries were subsequently heat-treated at 600°C under vacuum conditions for 3 hours to remove the organic solvent and carbonise the binder
Mahandra & Ghahreman (2021) 1.0 M NaCl - Gas formation (assumed to be H2 and O2) occurred at the connecting poles.
Natarajan, et al. (2020) NaCl - The concentration of NaCl in the discharging solution was not disclosed.
Nie, et al. (2015) Saturated Na2SO4 with iron powder 24 h Waste gases from the battery were released to air after a 3-stage spray purification with DMF, a dilute alkaline solution, and water
Nie et al. (2023) 5.0 wt. % NaCl 36 h Stabilisation performed at room temperature (22 °C)
Novaes et al. (2023) 0.1, 0.5 and 1.0 M MnSO4 1 to 4 h Tests were completed only when the voltage from the cell was less than 2 V.
Ojanen, et al. (2018) 5, 10 and 20 wt. % solutions of NaCl, FeSO4 and ZnSO4 without stirring. 5 and 10 wt. % solution of NaSO4 with stirring at 600 rpm. Also investigated cathodic protection by adding Fe or Zn flakes to the solutions - The NaCl showed to be the best option. NaCl produced chloride gas and loss of metals and VOCs. Precipitation of sulphates resulted in a plateau voltage, below which no further discharge occurred unless agitation was provided. Addition of cathodic protection drastically decreases the stabilisation time, at the expense of oxidising the flakes.
Pindar & Dhawan (2020) 1 wt. % NaCl 48h
Pražanová et al. (2024) 5 to 30 wt. % solutions of NaCl, NaOH and NaNO3 Investigated voltage profiles, battery contact and casing damages, battery material characteristics, and discharge solution composition after discharge.
Punt, et al. (2022) 5 wt. % NaCl 48 h at 295 K Formation of a sludge (predominantly Fe, Al and Cu) on the top of the discharge solution and bubbles of gas produced, but the composition was not ascertained. The discharge solution contained a low concentration of Li, which could have been derived from the LiPF6 or the cathode material.
Ra & Han (2006) NaCl (brine) - The concentration of NaCl in the discharging solution was not disclosed.
Rouhi, et al. (2021) 5 or 10 wt. % Na2CO3 and K2CO3 Up to 900 h
Rouhi, et al. (2022) 5, 10 and 15 wt. % NaCl and (NH4)2CO3 Up to 120 h Used 2 different experimental configurations to ascertain the energy remaining in the cell during stabilisation. The cell voltages reached a steady state value at between 1.7 and 2.0 V depending on the solution used.
Sattar, et al. (2019) NaCl (brine) 24 h The concentration of NaCl in the discharging solution was not disclosed.
Segura-Bailón et al. (2024) 1M NaCl, Na2CO3 and NaOH solutions 20 minutes The voltages produced by the cells immersed in NaCl and Na2CO3 were less than 1 V in 20 minutes. The NaOH offered a slower discharge rate. The cells were considered safe to be disassembled when the voltage dropped below approximately 2 V.
Shaw-Stewart, et al. (2019) 5 wt. % NaCl, NaHSO4, Na2SO4, Na2S2O3, NaNO2, NaNO3, Na2CO3, NaHCO3, NaOH, Na2HPO4, NaH2PO4, Na3C6H5O7, KCl, KBr, KI, K2CO3, KHCO3, K3PO4, K2HPO4, KH2PO4, (NH4)2SO4, (NH4)2CO3, NH4HCO3, NH3, (NH4)2HPO4, or NH4H2PO4 24 h Identified NaNO2 as a promising discharge electrolyte with low corrosion rates.
Sloop, et al. (2020) Na2CO3(brine) - The concentration of Na2CO3 in the discharging solution was not disclosed.
Song, et al. (2015) 0.8 M MnSO4 and 2 g/l ascorbic acid 8 h at 353.15 K
Torabian, et al. (2022) NaCl, Na2S and MgSO4 at 12, 16 and 20 wt. % Up to 24 h Performed at temperatures of between (25 and 60) °C There was minimal change in the stabilisation rate with changes in temperature. NaCl solutions gave the best discharge profile followed by Na2S. The MgSO4 was not able to achieve a complete discharge with the used configurations. Ultrasonication increased the discharge times significantly. Stabilisation claimed to be complete in 5 mins.
Wang, et al. (2012) NaCl - The concentration of NaCl in the discharging solution was not disclosed beyond being “diluted”.
Wang, et al. (2018) 5 wt. % NaCl 24 h
Wang, et al. (2024) 5 wt. % NaCl Graphite medium - Instead of submerging the battery cells in the saline solution authors attached the wires to both cathode and anode and submerged the endings of those wires in the solution or in a graphite medium. This is essentially electrical stabilisation with the resistive load being a saline solution.
Wei et al. (2023) 5 wt. % NaCl 24 h
Wei et al. (2025) 10 wt. % NaCl Overnight
Wu et al. (2025) 1 M NaCl 24 h
Xiao, et al. (2017) 5 wt. % NaCl 24 h
Xiao, et al. (2020) 1 M NaCl, 1 M KCl, 1 M NaNO3, 1 M MnSO4 1 M MgSO4, 2 M NaCl - Structural destruction of the cells was observed when there was a rapid discharge rate.
Xu, et al. (2008) NaCl - The concentration of NaCl in the discharging solution was not disclosed
Yang, et al. (2018) 5 wt. % NaCl -
Yang, et al. (2019) NaCl (saltwater) 8 h The concentration of NaCl in the discharging solution was not disclosed
Yang et al. (2025) 10 wt. % NaCl 24 h Ensured that the voltage was below 1.0 V
Yao, et al. (2018) 10 wt. % NaCl -
Yao, et al. (2020) 0.8 M NaCl, FeSO4 or MnSO4 - Concluded that 0.8 M NaCl and 0.8 M FeSO4 were the best options, and further to this, that FeSO4 was the best because it was more environmentally friendly than NaCl. However, FeSO4 is only suitable for discharging to 1.0 V, due to the long time needed to get to 0.5 V.
Zhang, et al. (2013) 5 wt. % NaCl 24h
Zhang, et al. (2014) 5 wt. % NaCl 24 h
Zhang, et al. (2018) 5 wt. % NaCl 48 h Samples were air-dried upon the completion of the discharge process.
Zhong, et al. (2019) 5 wt. % NaCl -
Zhong, et al. (2020) Salt solution - The concentration of salt used in the discharging solution was not disclosed
Zhu, et al. (2021) 5 wt.% NaCl 24h Voltages were measured and found to be less than 2.0 V.