Abdollahifar et al. (2023) |
NaCl |
- |
The concentration of NaCl in the
discharging solution was not disclosed. |
Amalia et al. (2023) |
10 wt. %
NaCl,
10 wt. % NaOH
|
20 h |
The reliability of the
voltage measurements was questioned because of the corrosion of the
battery terminals. |
Anwani, et al. (2020) |
10 wt. % NaCl |
- |
- |
Bi, et al. (2020) |
5 wt. % NaCl |
3 h |
- |
Chen, et al. (2018) |
10 wt. % NaCl |
36 h |
- |
Chen, et al. (2021) |
0.5 M Ca(Ac)2
|
12 h |
The
dissolved fluorine ions would precipitate as
CaF2
|
dos Santos, et al. (2021) |
0.1 M
NaCl
0.2 M MgSO4*7H2O
|
- |
|
Fan, et al. (2020) |
NaCl |
- |
The concentration of NaCl in the
discharging solution was not disclosed. |
Fang, et al. (2022) |
0.8 M NaCl,
0. 8 M
MnSO4,
0.8 M
FeSO4,
0.8 M KAc,
0.8 M
Zn(Ac)2
|
24 h |
The stability of the cells was tested
with a nail penetration test, and results were favourable for all
solutions. There was severe corrosion from the NaCl solution and the
MnSO4 solution had deposition which prevented
discharging. KAc gave very low discharge rates. The two best solutions
were FeSO4 and Zn(Ac)2, with the
Zn(Ac)2 solution showing the least
corrosion. |
Fathima et al. (2024) |
10 wt. % brine |
24 h |
The salt used in the
brine solution was not disclosed. |
Fu, et al. (2021) |
10 wt. % NaCl |
24 h |
|
Guan, et al. (2017) |
NaCl |
- |
The concentration of NaCl in the
discharging solution was not disclosed. |
He, et al. (2015) |
5 wt. % NaCl |
24 h |
|
He, et al. (2017) |
5 wt. % NaCl |
- |
|
He et al. (2017b) () |
5 wt. % NaCl |
24 h |
|
Huang, et al. (2018) |
5 wt. % NaCl |
3 h |
|
Jafari, et al. (2020) |
5 wt. % NaCl |
5 mins |
Claimed that a
“complete discharge” was achieved in this short period of
immersion |
Jena, et al. (2024) |
5 wt. % NaCl |
- |
|
Li, et al. (2016a) |
5 wt. % NaCl |
24h |
|
Li, et al. (2016b) |
Pure water, 5, 10 and 20 wt. % NaCl |
24.33 h at
293 K |
|
Li, et al. (2018) |
Saturated Na2SO4
|
- |
|
Li, et al. (2019) |
NaCl |
- |
The production of HF and salt impurities
was recognised. The concentration of NaCl in the discharging solution
was not disclosed. |
Liu et al. (2024) |
5 M NaCl |
24 h |
The cells were added at a ratio of
50ml of discharge solution per g of cell. |
Lu, et al. (2013) |
1, 5 and 10 wt. % NaCl |
70 minutes |
The 1 wt. %
solution did not corrode the case, but the higher concentrations
corroded the case, causing a leak of LiPF6 into the
discharging solution. |
Lu, et al. (2019) |
1, 5 and 10 wt. % NaCl |
- |
The 1 wt. % NaCl
concentration prevents leakage from the case. The discharged batteries
were subsequently heat-treated at 600°C under vacuum conditions for 3
hours to remove the organic solvent and carbonise the
binder |
Mahandra & Ghahreman (2021) |
1.0 M NaCl |
- |
Gas formation (assumed
to be H2 and O2) occurred at the
connecting poles. |
Natarajan, et al. (2020) |
NaCl |
- |
The concentration of NaCl in the
discharging solution was not disclosed. |
Nie, et al. (2015) |
Saturated Na2SO4
with iron powder |
24 h |
Waste gases from the battery were released to
air after a 3-stage spray purification with DMF, a dilute alkaline
solution, and water |
Nie et al. (2023) |
5.0 wt. % NaCl |
36 h |
Stabilisation performed at
room temperature (22 °C) |
Novaes et al. (2023) |
0.1, 0.5 and 1.0 M MnSO4
|
1 to 4
h |
Tests were completed only when the voltage from the cell was less
than 2 V. |
Ojanen, et al. (2018)
|
5, 10 and 20 wt. % solutions of NaCl, FeSO4 and
ZnSO4 without stirring.
5 and 10 wt. % solution of NaSO4 with stirring at 600
rpm.
Also investigated cathodic protection by adding Fe or Zn flakes to the
solutions
|
-
|
The NaCl showed to be the best option. NaCl produced chloride gas and
loss of metals and VOCs.
Precipitation of sulphates resulted in a plateau voltage, below which no
further discharge occurred unless agitation was provided.
Addition of cathodic protection drastically decreases the stabilisation
time, at the expense of oxidising the flakes.
|
Pindar & Dhawan (2020) |
1 wt. % NaCl |
48h |
|
Pražanová et al. (2024) |
5 to 30 wt. % solutions of NaCl, NaOH and
NaNO3
|
|
Investigated voltage profiles, battery contact
and casing damages, battery material characteristics, and discharge
solution composition after discharge. |
Punt, et al. (2022) |
5 wt. % NaCl |
48 h at 295 K |
Formation of a
sludge (predominantly Fe, Al and Cu) on the top of the discharge
solution and bubbles of gas produced, but the composition was not
ascertained. The discharge solution contained a low concentration of Li,
which could have been derived from the LiPF6 or the
cathode material. |
Ra & Han (2006) |
NaCl (brine) |
- |
The concentration of NaCl in the
discharging solution was not disclosed. |
Rouhi, et al. (2021) |
5 or 10 wt. %
Na2CO3 and
K2CO3
|
Up to 900 h |
|
Rouhi, et al. (2022)
|
5, 10 and 15 wt. % NaCl and
(NH4)2CO3
|
Up to 120 h
|
Used 2 different experimental configurations to ascertain the energy
remaining in the cell during stabilisation.
The cell voltages reached a steady state value at between 1.7 and 2.0 V
depending on the solution used.
|
Sattar, et al. (2019) |
NaCl (brine) |
24 h |
The concentration of NaCl
in the discharging solution was not disclosed. |
Segura-Bailón et al. (2024)
|
1M NaCl, Na2CO3 and NaOH solutions
|
20 minutes
|
The voltages produced by the cells immersed in NaCl and
Na2CO3 were less than 1 V in 20 minutes.
The NaOH offered a slower discharge rate.
The cells were considered safe to be disassembled when the voltage
dropped below approximately 2 V.
|
Shaw-Stewart, et al. (2019) |
5 wt. % NaCl, NaHSO4,
Na2SO4,
Na2S2O3,
NaNO2, NaNO3,
Na2CO3, NaHCO3, NaOH,
Na2HPO4,
NaH2PO4,
Na3C6H5O7,
KCl, KBr, KI, K2CO3,
KHCO3, K3PO4,
K2HPO4,
KH2PO4,
(NH4)2SO4,
(NH4)2CO3,
NH4HCO3, NH3,
(NH4)2HPO4, or
NH4H2PO4
|
24 h |
Identified NaNO2 as a promising discharge electrolyte
with low corrosion rates. |
Sloop, et al. (2020) |
Na2CO3(brine) |
- |
The concentration of Na2CO3 in the
discharging solution was not disclosed. |
Song, et al. (2015) |
0.8 M MnSO4 and 2 g/l ascorbic
acid |
8 h at 353.15 K |
|
Torabian, et al. (2022)
|
NaCl, Na2S and MgSO4 at 12, 16 and 20
wt. %
|
Up to 24 h
|
Performed at temperatures of between (25 and 60) °C
There was minimal change in the stabilisation rate with changes in
temperature.
NaCl solutions gave the best discharge profile followed by
Na2S. The MgSO4 was not able to achieve
a complete discharge with the used configurations.
Ultrasonication increased the discharge times significantly.
Stabilisation claimed to be complete in 5 mins.
|
Wang, et al. (2012) |
NaCl |
- |
The concentration of NaCl in the
discharging solution was not disclosed beyond being
“diluted”. |
Wang, et al. (2018) |
5 wt. % NaCl |
24 h |
|
Wang, et al. (2024)
|
5 wt. % NaCl
Graphite medium
|
-
|
Instead of submerging the battery cells in the saline solution authors
attached the wires to both cathode and anode and submerged the endings
of those wires in the solution or in a graphite medium. This is
essentially electrical stabilisation with the resistive load being a
saline solution.
|
Wei et al. (2023) |
5 wt. % NaCl |
24 h |
|
Wei et al. (2025) |
10 wt. % NaCl |
Overnight |
|
Wu et al. (2025) |
1 M NaCl |
24 h |
|
Xiao, et al. (2017) |
5 wt. % NaCl |
24 h |
|
Xiao, et al. (2020) |
1 M NaCl,
1 M
KCl,
1 M NaNO3,
1 M
MnSO4
1 M
MgSO4,
2 M NaCl
|
- |
Structural
destruction of the cells was observed when there was a rapid discharge
rate. |
Xu, et al. (2008) |
NaCl |
- |
The concentration of NaCl in the
discharging solution was not disclosed |
Yang, et al. (2018) |
5 wt. % NaCl |
- |
|
Yang, et al. (2019) |
NaCl (saltwater) |
8 h |
The concentration of NaCl
in the discharging solution was not disclosed |
Yang et al. (2025) |
10 wt. % NaCl |
24 h |
Ensured that the voltage
was below 1.0 V |
Yao, et al. (2018) |
10 wt. % NaCl |
- |
|
Yao, et al. (2020) |
0.8 M NaCl, FeSO4 or
MnSO4
|
- |
Concluded that 0.8 M NaCl and 0.8 M
FeSO4 were the best options, and further to this, that
FeSO4 was the best because it was more environmentally
friendly than NaCl. However, FeSO4 is only suitable for
discharging to 1.0 V, due to the long time needed to get to 0.5
V. |
Zhang, et al. (2013) |
5 wt. % NaCl |
24h |
|
Zhang, et al. (2014) |
5 wt. % NaCl |
24 h |
|
Zhang, et al. (2018) |
5 wt. % NaCl |
48 h |
Samples were air-dried
upon the completion of the discharge process. |
Zhong, et al. (2019) |
5 wt. % NaCl |
- |
|
Zhong, et al. (2020) |
Salt solution |
- |
The concentration of salt
used in the discharging solution was not disclosed |
Zhu, et al. (2021) |
5 wt.% NaCl |
24h |
Voltages were measured and
found to be less than 2.0 V. |