We visualized the model–generated data using ArcGIS v10.8 (Esri, Redlands, CA, USA). Based on the suitability thresholds derived from the model, we categorized the suitability of the habitat of these species into three levels: non–suitable area (0), suitable area (0–1), and highly suitable area (0.75–1), using the ‘Reclassify’ function in ArcGIS v10.8 (Esri, Redlands, CA, USA). Subsequently, we calculated and mapped the spatial distribution shifts of these species from the current to the future (2090) under the scenarios SSP126 and SSP585 based on the suitable areas (0–1). To further explore the stable potential distribution areas crossing different periods (LGM–Current–2090), we overlapped the highly suitable areas (0.75–1) of ENM results from LGM, current, and future (2090), using the ‘Extract by Mask’ function in ArcGIS v10.8 (Esri, Redlands, CA, USA).