Conclusion:
Although rare, brown bone tumors should always be considered in cases of lytic bone lesions to avoid overlooking hyperparathyroidism.
Treatment of hyperparathyroidism brown tumors requires normalization of serum PTH, calcium, and phosphorus levels prior to any surgical procedure. Resolution of the lesion is expected after gland function has stabilized. In some patients, the brown tumor continues to grow even after hyperparathyroidism has been controlled; in these cases, resection is mandatory. The brown tumor is considered a reparative granuloma rather than a true neoplasm and has no potential for malignant transformation.
Key clinical message: This case report highlights the importance of considering secondary hyperparathyroidism as a potential cause of jawbone lesions. Early recognition and treatment of the underlying hyperparathyroidism can lead to resolution of the bone lesions and improve overall patient outcomes.