All authors have no conflict of interest do disclose.
To the Editor,
Hymenoptera venom allergy may be responsible for systemic reactions
ranging from urticaria to fatal anaphylaxis. Yellow jackets
(Vespula spp.) and honeybees (Apis mellifera ) are the most
involved Hymenoptera1. Paper wasps (Polistes spp.) and hornets (Vespa spp.) are a frequent cause of systemic
reactions in Southern Europe with Vespa velutina nigrithorax being the commonest cause of anaphylaxis in
Spain2.
Venom immunotherapy (VIT) is the only treatment that can prevent new
reactions, and it is effective in 77-84% patients receiving honeybee
venom and in 91-96% patients treated with vespid venoms.
VIT can be performed with both aqueous and depot extracts. Aqueous
extracts are used during the build-up phase while depot extracts are
preferred for the maintenance phase since they cause fewer local
reactions1.
Several regimens are available for the build-up phase, from ultra-rush,
rush, cluster and conventional protocols. Conventional (12 weeks) and
cluster protocols (7 weeks) are time consuming for both patients and
physicians while rush (2-4 days) and ultra-rush (1 day) can give
protection in less time. However, rapid protocols are at higher risk of
systemic reaction during the buildup phase1.
In our department we have used a 1-day, 3-hour ultra-rush build-up phase
with aqueous honey-bee or Vespula spp. venom extracts according
to a previously published protocol3. Since aqueous
extracts are no longer available, we decided to use depot extracts
adsorbed with aluminium hydroxide (Alutard ALK Abelló, Hørsholm,
Denmark) for honey-bee and Vespula spp. and with tyrosine
(Anallergo, Scarperia e San Piero, Florence, Italy) for Polistes
dominula and Vespa crabro for the ultra-rush build-up phase. The
protocol was approved by our local ethic committee and an informed
consent was obtained by all patients.
Thirty-five (20 males) patients aged 29-74 years with a clinical history
of a systemic reaction (grade 1-4 according to Mueller) to an
Hymenoptera sting were included. Four patients underwent 2 VIT, 3 withVespula and Polistes dominula venoms (we could not
identify the culprit stinger after specific IgE, skin tests and basophil
activation) test and 1 with Vespula and Vespa crabro venoms (he had a respiratory arrest after a hornet sting). Fourteen
patients had a REMA score higher than 2 and 2 had previous diagnosis of
systemic indolent mastocytosis. All patients reached the maintenance
dose with no systemic reactions while 8 out of 12 with honeybee venom, 6
out of 14 with Vespula venom and 4 out of 12 with Polistes
dominula venom had a late large local reaction (LLR) (>10
cm) which was treated with topical corticosteroids and/or oral
antihistamines (Table 1).
Bee venom allergy seemed to be the only risk factor for LLRs after
ultrarush VIT. High venom specific IgE, a REMA score ≥ 2, high serum
tryptase levels and the severity of the index reaction were not risk
factors for both local and systemic reactions4.
Even if the number of subjects is low, our data suggests depot extracts
can be used also for ultra rush protocols with a good safety profile.
The safety profile of depot extracts has been confirmed also by other
studies with cluster (7 weeks)5 and rush protocols (2
days for Vespula and 4 days for honeybee)6,
with a lower incidence of LLR.
However, ultra-rush protocols are less time consuming and can provide
protection in a few hours reducing the risk of new field sting reactions
when using conventional or cluster protocols.
As regards efficacy, only 2 patients were stung during the maintenance
phase with no systemic reactions.
Larger studies are needed to assess the safety profile of this protocol
and to put in evidence immunological changes after a rapid buildup
phase.