Each treatment consisted of 50 larvae, and all individuals were sexed upon reaching the pupal stage (Pölkki et al., 2012). After reaching the adult stage, animals were paired, placed in separate containers, and fed ad libitum with wheat bran and apple cubes for seven days. After mating, the couples were separated, and individuals were monitored until death. Females (N = 10 per group) were provided with filter paper for ovipositing until death.