Statistical analysis
All statistical analyses were conducted in R, version 4.3.3 (R Development Core Team, 2024). A two-way ANOVA was performed to examine the effects of AMF diversity (low vs high), GCF number (0, 1, and 6), and their interactions on ecosystem multifunctionality and the ten previously mentioned ecosystem functions. Additionally, a one-way ANOVA was used to assess the effect of AMF inoculation (absence vs. presence) on these indicators. Statistical significance was determined at p < 0.05, with Tukey’s test employed for post hoc comparisons. Pearson correlation analysis was conducted to investigate the relationships between soil pH and root colonization, soil pH and hyphal length density, soil pH and spore density, respectively.